Transition Metal Complexes of 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine as Laser Ignitible Primary Explosives: Structures and Properties

Abstract

3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine (ANQ, 2) was synthesized via hydrazinolysis of nitroguanidine. By dissolving 2 in solutions containing transition metal salts, several complexes M(2+)(ANQ)2X2(H2O)y with M(2+) = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn as well as M(ANQ)2X(H2O)y with M = Ag could be isolated. In these cases, nitrate as well as perchlorate and chloride served as the respective anions X. Additionally, the ANQ complexes of Co, Ni, and Ag with dinitramide as the anion were synthesized from ANQ and silver dinitramide and by reacting the cobalt and nickel ANQ perchlorate complexes with ammonium dinitramide. The crystal structures of all described complexes were determined by low temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Additionally, they were characterized using IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The decomposition temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and the sensitivities toward impact and friction were assessed using a BAM drophammer and a BAM friction tester (BAM = Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung). Additionally, the sensitivity toward electrostatic discharge was determined on a small-scale ESD device. The potential use of the nitrate, dinitramide and perchlorate containing species as primary explosives was investigated in a laser ignition test.

A green high-initiation-power primary explosive: synthesis, 3D structure and energetic properties of dipotassium 3,4-bis(3-dinitromethylfurazan-4-oxy)furazan

“…The solvent was evaporated and the residue was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate-pentane (V:V 40 =1:6) as eluent to isolate the pure colorless crystals 4 (0.27 g, 28.0%). mp 79-80°C; 13 C NMR (DMSO-d 6 …”

“…Silver-containing primary explosives may be suitable candidates as a lead azide replacement for practical application that fulfilled most criteria for practical applications nowadays. 6,[13][14] Although silver salts often show the best energetic performance of the metal cations, 60 they also bear some problems that make them unfeasible for commercial applications. These often include a sensitivity to light, a high price, and the toxicity of silver toward microorganisms and aquatic life.…”

“…15 Further employable cations include the alkali metals cesium or transition metals like copper (DBX-1, Scheme 1 (iv)). 13,[16][17] However, it should be mentioned that copper (II) is also toxic to microorganisms, 18 but to a lesser 5 degree than silver and is therefore not yet desirable. A recently employed idea is the formation of nontoxic metal complexes containing potassium instead of toxic heavy metals.…”

Chelating Energetic Material Nickel Semicarbazide 2,4,6‐Trinitroresorcinol: Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal Behavior

“…These intriguing features are stepped from their special structures, where two atoms of chelating ligands are coordinated with the metal atom analysis applied to assess the thermal decomposition behavior. The DSC curve with a linear heating rate of 10°C·min - [24] Liu et al group reported three CEMs based on the ligand 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide that have significant catalytic effects on the thermal decomposition of AP. [25,26] Our group has reported another kinds of CEMs by employing carbon hydrazide (CHZ) as the ligands.…”

Two coordination polymers with 3-hydrazino-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole as ligand: synthesis, crystal structures, and non-isothermal kinetic analysis

“…In pursuit of high nitrogen energetic materials, metal complexes with nitrogen-rich heterocycles [1][2][3][4][5], hydrazine [6], guanidine [7], and other N donor ligands [8,9] have attracted attention. As polydentate building blocks, 1,2,4-triazole and its derivatives combine the coordination geometries of both pyrazoles and imidazoles, exhibiting a strong ability to bridge metal ions to afford polynuclear structures [10].…”