Transition metals in organic synthesis: hydroformylation, reduction, and oxidation. Annual survey covering the year 1993

Ungváry, Ferenc

doi:10.1016/0010-8545(95)90092-6

Cited by 10 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 545 publications

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“…We also need to take into account that catalytic converters are not the only technological applications which need PGMs. Fine chemical catalysts, anticancer drugs, as well as ORR (oxygen reduction reactions) are fields of great industrial relevance on which the use of PGMs is considered unavoidable [27].…”

Section: Platinum Group Metals Abundance and Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precious Metals in Automotive Technology: An Unsolvable Depletion Problem?

Bardi

Caporali

2014

Minerals

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Abstract:Since the second half of the 20th century, various devices have been developed in order to reduce the emissions of harmful substances at the exhaust pipe of combustion engines. In the automotive field, the most diffuse and best known device of this kind is the "three way" catalytic converter for engines using the Otto cycle designed to abate the emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and unburnt hydrocarbons. These catalytic converters can function only by means of precious metals (mainly platinum, rhodium and palladium) which exist in a limited supply in economically exploitable ores. The recent increase in prices of all mineral commodities is already making these converters significantly expensive and it is not impossible that the progressive depletion of precious metals will make them too expensive for the market of private cars. The present paper examines how this potential scarcity could affect the technology of road transportation worldwide. We argue that the supply of precious metals for automotive converters is not at risk in the short term, but that in the future it will not be possible to continue using this technology as a result of increasing prices generated by progressive depletion. Mitigation methods such as reducing the amounts of precious metals in catalysts, or recycling them can help but cannot be considered as a definitive solution. We argue that precious metal scarcity is a critical factor that may determine the future development of road transportation in the world. As the problem is basically unsolvable in the long run, we must OPEN ACCESSMinerals 2014, 4 389 explore new technologies for road transportation and we conclude that it is likely that the clean engine of the future will be electric and powered by batteries.

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Section: Platinum Group Metals Abundance and Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precious Metals in Automotive Technology: An Unsolvable Depletion Problem?

Bardi

Caporali

2014

Minerals

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Hydroformylation – Homogeneous

Ungváry¹

2002

Encyclopedia of Catalysis

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Hydroformylation—Homogeneous

Mika

Ungváry

2011

Encyclopedia of Catalysis

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The hydroformylation or oxo‐synthesis is one of the most important transition metal assisted homogeneous catalytic transformation, providing industrial‐scale production of aldehydes and alcohols. The hydroformylation—homogeneous article presents the basic chemistry and kinetics of hydroformylation, solvents of hydroformlylation, and side reactions accompanying hydroformylation. The detailed reaction mechanisms related to the cobalt‐ and rhodium‐modified and unmodified catalysts are presented as well. The chemistry of the individual steps of the classic catalytic cycle based on results of model reactions and spectroscopic investigations is discussed and is followed by an overview of different catalyst modifiers such as phosphine and phosphite ligands.

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Transition metals in organic synthesis: hydroformylation, reduction, and oxidation. Annual survey covering the year 1993

Cited by 10 publications

References 545 publications

Precious Metals in Automotive Technology: An Unsolvable Depletion Problem?

Precious Metals in Automotive Technology: An Unsolvable Depletion Problem?

Hydroformylation – Homogeneous

Hydroformylation—Homogeneous

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