Translating Flowering Time from Arabidopsis thaliana to Brassicaceae and Asteraceae Crop Species

Leijten, Willeke; Koes, Ronald; Roobeek, Ilja; Frugis, Giovanna

doi:10.3390/plants7040111

Cited by 64 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 248 publications

(390 reference statements)

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“…This process is known as vernalization, which is derived from the Latin word vernalis , meaning ‘of, relating to, or occurring in the spring’ 4 . Variation in the requirement for vernalization exists in plant species 1,5,6 . A vernalization requirement is an evolutionary adaptation to temperate climates, preventing flowering before encountering a winter season and ensuring flowering occurs under the more favorable weather conditions of spring 1,2,6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C genes in flowering time of Brassica rapa leafy vegetables

Takada

Akter

Itabashi

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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There is a wide variation of flowering time among lines of Brassica rapa L. Most B. rapa leafy (Chinese cabbage etc.) or root (turnip) vegetables require prolonged cold exposure for flowering, known as vernalization. Premature bolting caused by low temperature leads to a reduction in the yield/quality of these B. rapa vegetables. Therefore, high bolting resistance is an important breeding trait, and understanding the molecular mechanism of vernalization is necessary to achieve this goal. In this study, we demonstrated that BrFRIb functions as an activator of BrFLC in B. rapa. We showed a positive correlation between the steady state expression levels of the sum of the BrFLC paralogs and the days to flowering after four weeks of cold treatment, suggesting that this is an indicator of the vernalization requirement. We indicate that BrFLCs are repressed by the accumulation of H3K27me3 and that the spreading of H3K27me3 promotes stable FLC repression. However, there was no clear relationship between the level of H3K27me3 in the BrFLC and the vernalization requirement. We also showed that if there was a high vernalization requirement, the rate of repression of BrFLC1 expression following prolonged cold treatments was lower.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C genes in flowering time of Brassica rapa leafy vegetables

Takada

Akter

Itabashi

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…Flowering is controlled by a network of well-established molecular pathways, which respond to internal and external signals, such as cold, light duration and quality, ambient temperature, as well as biotic and abiotic stresses (reviewed in: Andres and Coupland, 2012; Matsoukas et al, 2012; Leijten et al, 2018). In Arabidopsis, flowering is promoted mainly by the expression of the flowering integrators FLOWERING LOCUS T ( FT ), SUPPRESSOR OF CONSTANS 1 ( SOC1/ AGL20 ) and, redundantly to FT , it’s homolog TWIN SISTER OF FT ( TSF ) (Suarez-Lopez et al, 2001; An et al, 2004; Valverde et al, 2004; Yamaguchi et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis thalianaCONSTANS-LIKE 4 (COL4) – A Modulator of Flowering Time

Steinbach

2019

Front. Plant Sci.

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Appropriate control of flowering time is crucial for crop yield and the reproductive success of plants. Flowering can be induced by a number of molecular pathways that respond to internal and external signals. In Arabidopsis, expression of the key florigenic signal FLOWERING LOCUS T ( FT ) is positively regulated by CONSTANS (CO) a BBX protein sharing high sequence similarity with 16 CO-like proteins. Within this study, we investigated the role of the Arabidopsis CONSTANS - LIKE 4 ( COL4) , whose role in flowering control was unknown. We demonstrate that, unlike CO, COL4 is a flowering repressor in long days (LD) and short days (SD) and acts on the expression of FT and FT -like genes as well as on SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 ( SOC1 ). Reduction of COL4 expression level leads to an increase of FT and APETALA 1 ( AP1 ) expression and to accelerated flowering, while the increase of COL4 expression causes a flowering delay. Further, the observed co-localization of COL4 protein and CO in nuclear speckles supports the idea that the two act as an antagonistic pair of transcription factors. This interaction may serve the fine-tuning of flowering time control and other light dependent plant developmental processes.

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“…This mechanism in part explains why Arabidopsis FLC mRNA is undetectable in shoots after prolonged cold treatment and flowering is promoted (3). Other important sensors of prolonged cold are the coldinduced long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that bring PRC2 to the FLC locus for deposition of transcriptionally repressive histone methylations (21,22,23).…”

Section: Frigida Protein Abundance Affects Initiation Of Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ubiquitin system affects agronomic plant traits

Linden

Callis

2020

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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In a single vascular plant species, the ubiquitin system consists of thousands of different proteins involved in attaching ubiquitin to substrates, recognizing or processing ubiquitinated proteins, or constituting or regulating the 26S proteasome. The ubiquitin system affects plant health, reproduction, and responses to the environment, processes which impact important agronomic traits. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: induction of flowering, seed size, and pathogen responses. Specifically, we review how the ubiquitin system affects expression of genes or abundance of proteins important for determining when a plant flowers (focusing on FLOWERING LOCUS C, FRIGIDA, and CONSTANS), highlight some recent studies on how seed size is affected by the ubiquitin system, and discuss how the ubiquitin system affects proteins involved in pathogen or effector recognition with details on recent studies on FLS2 and SNC1, respectively, as examples. Finally, we discuss the effects of pathogen-derived proteins on plant host ubiquitin system proteins. Further understanding of the molecular basis of the above processes could identify possible genes for modification or selection for crop improvement.

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Translating Flowering Time from Arabidopsis thaliana to Brassicaceae and Asteraceae Crop Species

Cited by 64 publications

References 248 publications

The role of FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C genes in flowering time of Brassica rapa leafy vegetables

The role of FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C genes in flowering time of Brassica rapa leafy vegetables

The Arabidopsis thalianaCONSTANS-LIKE 4 (COL4) – A Modulator of Flowering Time

The ubiquitin system affects agronomic plant traits

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