Translation and Validation of a Chinese Version of the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ)

Abstract

Objective: To translate the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ) into Standard Mandarin and then explore the reliability and validity of this newly translated measure in a large sample of Chinese middle school parents. Methods: We translated the MIPQ using the forward-backward method and pilot tested it on a sample of parents of adolescents (aged 12–16 years) in China. Following minor modifications, 1057 Chinese parents (Mothers or Fathers) in two middle schools (one in the North and one in the South of China) completed the translated Chinese Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (C-MIPQ). To determine test-retest reliability 121 participants completed the C-MIPQ again 2 weeks later. In order to test convergent validity, 395 participants completed the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Version (PSDQ-short) and the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale (IM-P). The Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS), Beck Depression Scale (BDI-13), and socioeconomic status (SES) were completed in order to test discriminant validity. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor model indicated in the original study was a good fit. The total score of the scale and the scores of the two dimensions (‘Mindful discipline’ and ‘Being in the moment with the child’) were significantly positively correlated with the total score of the MAAS, IM-P and the authoritative parenting style in the PSDQ-short, demonstrating convergent validity. Discriminant validity was established as there was no difference in C-MIPQ sub-scale scores across any of the SES variables except for levels of education (parents with higher education had higher scores on the ‘being in the moment with the child’ subscale). In addition, the C-MIPQ was negatively related to stress and depression. Cronbach’s alpha of the total scale was 0.93 (and 0.88, 0.89 for the two dimensions of the C-MIPQ) indicating excellent internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was good (intra-class correlation of 0.83). Conclusion: This study is the first step toward establishing the psychometric properties of the C-MIPQ for measuring mindful parenting in parents of adolescents aged 12–16 years; additional studies will be needed in order to test this further.

Mediating effects of self-esteem on the relationship between mindful parenting and social anxiety level in Chinese adolescents

“…Chinese version of the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ): The 28-item Chinese version of MIPQ developed by Wu et al [ 24 ] was used to measure parents’ mindful parenting level. It consists of 2 subcategories, including being in the present and mindful discipline.…”

Turkish adaptation of the mindful parenting inventories for parents and children

“…IM-P and its variations have been adapted to many languages, including Dutch (de Bruin et al, 2014), Portuguese (Moreira & Canavarro, 2017), Chinese (Lo et al, 2018;Pan et al, 2019), Korean (Kim et al, 2019), and Chilean (Corthorn et al, 2022), but not Turkish. (Wu et al, 2019), Spanish (Orue et al, 2020), Turkish (Gördesli et al, 2018) and Croatian (Reić-Ercegovac & Ljubetić, 2019) languages. Finally, the least widely used self-report mindful parenting scale is the Bangor Mindful Parenting Scale (BMPS), argued to mainly aim to evaluate changes in mindful parenting due to intervention (Jones et al, 2014).…”

“…The second most used mindful parenting scale, the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ; McCaffrey et al., 2017), is a 28‐item scale comprising two factors: Being in the Moment with the Child and Mindful Discipline . MIPQ was developed and validated in a sample of parents of a wide age range of children (2–16 years), and has since been adapted to Chinese (Wu et al., 2019), Spanish (Orue et al., 2020), Turkish (Gördesli et al., 2018) and Croatian (Reić‐Ercegovac & Ljubetić, 2019) languages. Finally, the least widely used self‐report mindful parenting scale is the Bangor Mindful Parenting Scale (BMPS), argued to mainly aim to evaluate changes in mindful parenting due to intervention (Jones et al., 2014).…”

A review of mindful parenting

“…The internal consistency of this measure was excellent (a ¼ .90), and those of four subscales ranged from .71 to .83. Additionally, Laurent et al (2017) (G€ ordesli et al, 2018) and a Chinese version (Wu et al, 2019), which also consist of the original 28 items and two dimensions. However, the MIPQ has not been widely used because it was mainly created by experts' brainstorming and lacked theoretical support regarding mindful parenting.…”