Translation, validation and cross‐cultural adaptation of the Nepali version of WOMAC^® LK 3.1

Abstract

Background Among many self‐reported outcome measures, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) is one of the commonly used indexes for osteoarthritis patients. Despite high prevalence of musculoskeletal problems in Nepal, there is no validated tool available in the local language. Thus, this study aimed to translate the English WOMAC® into Nepali, and validate it for use in the future. Methods Guidelines by Beaton et al were followed for translation and cross‐cultural adaptation of the original WOMAC into Nepali language. Diagnosed cases of knee osteoarthritis (OA) attending the rheumatology outpatient department of National Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Kathmandu were enrolled in the study. These patients were interviewed with the Nepali version. Internal consistency was measured by Cronbach's alpha and test‐retest reliability by intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Correlation between domains of WOMAC was tested with visual analog scale (VAS) and numerical rating scale (NRS) of pain and stiffness. Results The test‐retest reliability was good with ICC of >0.75 for all domains and items. Internal consistency was acceptable with Cronbach's alpha scores of 0.852, 0.704 and 0.955 for pain, stiffness and physical function domains, respectively. Strong correlation was observed between WOMAC stiffness domain and VAS for stiffness and NRS for stiffness with rho (ρ) values of 0.750 and 0.759, respectively. Moderate correlation was seen between WOMAC pain and VAS for pain and NRS for pain with ρ of 0.658 and 0.584, respectively. Conclusions Nepali WOMAC is a reliable and valid instrument for assessment of disease severity and its impact in Nepali‐speaking patients with OA.

Translation, Adaptation and Validation of the Middle East Lower Limb Score (MELLS) into Arabic

“…More recently in 2019, a Nepali version of the WOMAC was published with an ICC score > 0.75 in all domains. Cronbach's alpha in this study was 0.852, 0.704, 0.95 for pain stiffness and physical function [13] .…”

“…PRO scores are available in categories of upper or lower limb, or joint specific. The MELLS is a modification of the WOMAC Score and OHS, both of which are joint specific PRO's [12][13] . The authors found it necessary to assess the impact the cultural activities that might inversely affect current gold standard treatment guidelines.…”

Translation, Adaptation and Validation of the Middle East Lower Limb Score (MELLS) Into Arabic

“…They provide valuable input from the patients' perspective, helping the treating physician to assess the results of his or her treatment [12]. PRO scores are available in categories of upper or lower limb, or joint speci c. The MELLS is a modi cation of the WOMAC Score and OHS, both of which are joint speci c PRO's [12][13]. The authors found it necessary to assess the impact the cultural activities that might inversely affect current gold standard treatment guidelines.…”

Comparison of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization and proprioceptive neuromuscular stretching on hamstring flexibility in patients with knee osteoarthritis

“…It consisted of 24 questions with a total score ranging from 0–96 ( Copsey et al, 2019 ; Hafez et al, 2013 ). All WOMAC subscales (pain, stiffness, and physical function) have satisfactory test-retest reliability with ICCs of 0.86, 0.68, and 0.89 ( Nakarmi, Haq & Vaidya, 2019 ; Salaffi et al, 2003 ).…”