Translational Neuroelectronics

Abstract

Neuroelectronic devices are critical for the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions, and are hypothesized to have many more applications. A wide variety of materials and approaches have been utilized to create innovative neuroelectronic device components, from the tissue interface and acquisition electronics to interconnects and encapsulation. Although traditional materials have a strong track record of stability and safety within a narrow range of use, many of their properties are suboptimal for chronic implantation in body tissue. Material advances harnessed to form all the components required for fully integrated neuroelectronic devices hold promise for improving the long‐term efficacy and biocompatibility of these devices within physiological environments. Here, it is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of materials and devices used in translational neuroelectronics, from acquisition and stimulation interfaces to methods for power delivery and real time processing of neural signals.

A chronic photocapacitor implant for noninvasive neurostimulation with deep red light

“…Although these technologies are being developed for clinical use 11,[14][15][16] , RF imposes size and shape constraints for transmitting and receiving components. The volume of the receiver (implanted inside the body) ranges from 30-600 mm 3 , 17 including antenna for RF transmission, electrodes for nerve stimulation, and device packaging for protection of rigid Si-based electronics from body fluids. Efficient RF coupling and tissue heating are also factors that limit clinical translation.…”

“…Laser diodes give the additional advantage of low-divergence collimated beams that can target and deliver light through the tissue efficiently. Lastly, devices relying on optical power transfer can easily be made on the sub-millimeter scale (<1 mm 3 ). Deep red light could therefore address the challenge of making small-scale devices that can be actuated and controlled wirelessly from outside the body.…”

“…Device implantation did not impede physiologic motor behaviors, and devices maintained their operation for up to 3 months after implantation. With a total volume of 0.1 mm 3 , OEPCs are the lowest-volume wireless peripheral nerve interface reported to-date 17 . These results suggest that OEPCs provide a viable approach to chronic in vivo neurostimulation, and hold potential for translation to clinical applications.…”

Soft Electronics Based on Stretchable and Conductive Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

“…[161] Alternative approaches for recording and stimulation include Field-effect transistor (FET) or OECT technologies, but as no soft and stretchable composite materials have been used in these platforms for CNS applications, we neglect them here and refer the reader to reviews covering current advances in this field. [162][163][164][165][166]…”

Scalable Microfabrication of Folded Parylene‐Based Conductors for Stretchable Electronics

“…Embodiments of stretchable electronics enable a wide range of applications from implantable (bio‐) electronics, [ 1 ] autonomous wearable devices, [ 2 ] to electronic skins for soft robotics. [ 3 ] The transformation from rigid to flexible and ultimately stretchable devices is typically achieved by utilizing intrinsically stretchable materials or through structure‐enabled (rigid‐island) designs.…”