Transmission and regulation of biochemical stimulus via a nanoshell directly adsorbed on the cell membrane to enhance chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell

Abstract

A nanoscale artificial extracellular matrix (nanoshell) formed by layer‐by‐layer adsorption can enhance and modulate the function of stem cells by transferring biochemical stimulus to the cell directly. Here, the nanoshell composed of fibronectin (FN) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) is demonstrated to promote chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The multilayer structure of nanoshell is formed by repeating self‐assembly of FN and CS, and its thickness can be controlled through the number of layers. The expression of chondrogenic markers in MSCs coated with the FN/CS nanoshell was increased as the number of bilayers in the nanoshell increased until four, but when it exceeds five bilayers, the effect began to decrease. Finally, the MSCs coated with optimized four bilayers of FN/CS nanoshell have high chondrogenic differentiation efficiency and showed the potential to increase formation of cartilage tissue when it is transplanted into mouse kidney. So, the precise regulation of stem cell fate at single cell level can be possible through the cellular surface modification by self‐assembled polymeric film.

Effects of Nanomaterials on Synthesis and Degradation of the Extracellular Matrix

“…As the main component of the ECM and owing to their binding properties, GAGs can stimulate the multidirectional differentiation of cells. To obtain nanoscaffold materials that mimic natural ECM and better promote tissue repair, most studies often directly use GAGs to modify the surface of different nanomaterials. − Meanwhile, since GAGs can bind to cell surface receptors to mediate nanoparticle internalization, other studies have focused on their role in nanodrug delivery to improve the sensitivity and targeting of cells . These studies often use GAGs as a direct means of surface modification of nanomaterials and nanocarriers, but the effect of the material itself on the synthesis of GAGs is often overlooked.…”

Practical Use of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring in Cartilage Tissue Engineering

“…Such constructs are believed to represent an appropriate cellular microenvironment with suitable pore size, interconnectivity, and biological activity for inducing cell differentiation towards desired phenotypes [ 127 ]. Thus, nanofilms are widely used for biomedical applications in orthopedics (71,72) and CTE [ 128 , 129 ] to investigate different types of biomaterials and their interactions with cells.…”

Methods and Applications of Biomolecular Surface Coatings on Individual Cells

“…Other cell-coating methods include spin, spray, electromagnetic, and microfluidic approaches. 77,78 Dip coating can be easily used in laboratories for cell coating; however, owing to its low efficiency and long reaction time, it is difficult to commercialize this method. 79−81 Therefore, microfluidic methods, inkjet printing methods, and electrochemical methods have been considered.…”

“…In summary, the immersive- or dipping-based-coating method exposes cells to the desired polymer solution for a certain period, followed by centrifugation to separate the uncoated and nonadsorbed polymer from the coated cells. Other cell-coating methods include spin, spray, electromagnetic, and microfluidic approaches. , Dip coating can be easily used in laboratories for cell coating; however, owing to its low efficiency and long reaction time, it is difficult to commercialize this method. − Therefore, microfluidic methods, inkjet printing methods, and electrochemical methods have been considered . A capillary-flow LbL microfluidic platform uses high-throughput screening to rapidly detect positively charged polymers; moreover, this automated fluid system can be used to obtain LbL cell coatings in bulk.…”