Transmission Cycle of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2

Yadav, Tushar; Saxena, Shailendra K.

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_4

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…While SARS-CoV2 research ndings are still changing, our assessment is based on the emerging consensus that aerosolization and droplet carriage of virus, primarily from coughing, sneezing, singing, crying, talking, and procedures such as swabbing the mouth or nose, are the predominant mode of infection. [20] It is unclear how long the virus remains in the air. [21][22][23] Fomites from surface contact may also contribute to transmission, but are likely a smaller risk.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Risk Assessment Tool for Resumption of Research Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Simkovich

Thompson

Clark

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Rationale: The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 has suspended many non-COVID-19 related research activities. Where restarting research activities is permitted, investigators need to evaluate the risks and benefits of resuming data collection and adapt procedures to minimize risk. Objectives: In the context of the multicountry Household Air Pollution Intervention (HAPIN) trial, we developed a framework to assess the risk of each trial activity and to guide protective measures. Our goal is to maximize integrity of reseach aims while minimizing infection risk based on the latest understanding of the virus. Methods: We drew on a combination of expert consultations, risk assessment frameworks, institutional guidance and literature to develop our framework. We then systematically graded clinical, behavioral, laboratory and field environmental health research activities in four countries for both adult and child subjects using this framework. Results: Our framework assesses risk based on staff proximity to the participant, exposure time between staff and participants, and potential aerosolization while performing the activity. One of of four risk levels, from minimal to unacceptable, is assigned and guidance on protective measures is provided. Those activities which can potentially aerosolize the virus are deemed the highest risk. Conclusions: By applying a systematic, procedure-specific approach to risk assessment for each trial activity, we can compare trial activities using the same criteria. This approach allows us to protect our participants and research team and to uphold our ability to deliver on the research commitments we have made to our participants, local communities, and funders. The trial is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02944682).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Risk Assessment Tool for Resumption of Research Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Simkovich

Thompson

Clark

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The outbreak of the novel human Coronavirus, SARS-CoV2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2) which is the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, was reported in December 2019, in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China (Li et al 2020 ). This virus belongs to a family of viruses identified as Coronaviruses which are known to infect vertebrates (Yadav and Saxena 2020 ). Being a zoonotic RNA virus, this pathogen has the potential to cause a global pandemic partly due to their unique proteins (enzyme) make-up and the plasticity of their genomes as previously noted (Jaimes et al 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early geography of the coronavirus disease outbreak in Nigeria

Olusola

Onafeso

et al. 2020

GeoJournal

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An understanding of the COVID-19 spread is growing around the world, yet little is known of Africa. This paper explores the time–space geographies of COVID-19 infection focusing on Africa and Nigeria especially. We appraise the global-to-local situation of confirmed cases, deaths and recoveries as well as measures engaged in response to the pandemic. Findings reveal that South Africa accounts for 40% of the total confirmed cases in Africa, followed by Egypt (18%), Nigeria (6.8%), Ghana (4.6%) and Algeria (3.6). Our study shows a significant relationship between population density and COVID-19 cases in Nigeria (R 2 = 0.76; y = 2.43x − 268.7). This expression suggests that high population densities catalyze the spread of COVID-19. While Nigeria has only recorded about 25,964 cases as at the time of writing, the country is struggling to match pressures from rising cases as a result of existing disparities in health care systems.

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“…The understanding of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 is at an early stage. Much research is still needed in various areas such as viral transmission, 93 disease progression, differential clinical diagnosis, 94 laboratory diagnosis, 95 antigenic 96 pathogenicity, 97 epitopes, immunogenic kinetics, 98 drugs, immunotherapeutic products, 99 prevention, and control strategies, 100,101 cell-based therapy, 102 phytotherapy, 103 and clinical trials of plasma transfusion. Recently, the potential targets of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 were predicted by comparison to SARS-CoV.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: benefits and risks of passive immunotherapeutics

Gupta

Karki

Dandu

et al. 2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Self Cite

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Passive immunotherapeutics (PITs), including convalescent plasma, serum, or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, have been of clinical importance during sudden outbreaks since the early twentieth century for the treatment of viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) and swine flu (H1N1). With the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, wherein effective antivirals and vaccines are still lacking, an interest in convalescent plasma therapy as a lifesaving option has resurfaced due to its capacity for antigenic neutralization and reducing viremia. This review summarizes convalescent blood products (CBPs) in terms of current technologies and the shortcomings related to the collection, manufacture, pathogen inactivation, and banking of CBPs, with a specific focus on their plausible applications, benefits, and risks in the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Transmission Cycle of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 27 publications

References 47 publications

A Risk Assessment Tool for Resumption of Research Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic

A Risk Assessment Tool for Resumption of Research Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Early geography of the coronavirus disease outbreak in Nigeria

COVID-19: benefits and risks of passive immunotherapeutics

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