Transmission Loss Allocation Based on Circuit Theories and Orthogonal Projection

Abstract

This paper presents a loss allocation method based on the circuit theories and the concept of orthogonal projection for pool-based electricity markets. The method first defines the current projection component to determine the share of a generator or load on the current through a branch. Then the power flow through each branch is decomposed and the branch loss allocation is obtained. One feature of the method is that it gives intuitively clear explanation of the obtained loss allocation. The two equivalence modes of bus power injections are also discussed. The analysis shows that the equivalence that loads (generators) are converted into equivalent admittances when generators (loads) are converted into current injections reflects the practical situation and thus it is more reasonable and preferable. Comparisons with other methods and validation tests of the proposed method are provided by using several numerical examples.

Active and reactive power transmission loss allocation to bilateral contracts through game theory techniques

“…Some methods use circuit theories for loss allocation. In [9], a loss allocation method based on the circuit theories and the concept of orthogonal projection in deregulated power systems was presented. Meanwhile, [10] introduced a new method for allocating losses in a power system using a loop-based representation of system behavior.…”

Near‐real‐time loss allocation methodology based on the power system states

“…At this point, the total load of the system is assumed to be equal to the sum of the minimum production of all the generators which are committed in the system, keeping however the ratio of the demand of each load bus to the total system load the same as at the present state (t). Thereafter, the demand of each load bus is increased by a small percentage until the values of the loads reach the ones of Step=Step+1; = 1.001 * ; Economic dispatch; Power Flow; Allocate the difference in total losses to the buses using (6); END_WHILE the present state as it is presented in the pseudo-code of the offline scenario. The increase percentage has been chosen to be 0.1% to ensure that the change of the current magnitude and angle at each bus are small enough and thus the differential of the power losses can be considered as the corresponding change of the power losses.…”

“…As updated states are provided by the state estimator, the share in the total losses for each bus is calculated using (6) and is added to the allocated losses of the reference point. The allocated losses of the new state become the new reference point for the next updated state and this procedure continues alongside with the state estimator updates, provided that no significant change happens in the system.…”

“…It is important to mention that there is an explicit decoupling of the three components in the markets that adopt LMP: energy, congestion, and loss costs [3]. Within this classification, loss allocation methods are mainly performed post market [4][5][6][7][8][9]. It should be noted that the procedure for allocating the losses, in an agreed or fair way, to each bus in the system is not a trivial task.…”

Approach for allocation of transmission loss based on contribution of generators and loads in injected complex power into network lines

“…This algorithm calculates the portion of real power transmission loss contribution of the generators and loads simultaneously based on their contract obligations with the generators. A method based on circuit laws and the concept of orthogonal projection for pool-based electricity market is suggested in [16]. Abdelkader [17,18] proposed an algorithm for LA based on complex power flow tracing in the network.…”