Transmission of Antibiotic Resistant Enterobacteriaceae between Animals and Humans Gastrointestinal Tract with the Evidence of in vivo Plasmid Transfer

Abstract

Abstract:Recently, the main point of discussion is being undertaken whether the resistance of bacteria and plasmids could have been transmitted to humans from animals. Using antimicrobials in livestock production was previously shown to be followed by the occurrence of the resistant bacteria in the treated animals as well as in humans (caretakers, their family members etc.). Evidences exist that the transmission of resistance might have taken place from animals to humans. Many of these evidences were not direct and were based on the similarities between the resistance profiles of bacteria (among others indicatory E. coli) isolated from animals (poultry, pigs, cattle) and from humans having contact with these animals (farm workers, animal caretakers, their family members). Direct evidences have been based on the molecular methods allowing the detection of either clonally related, resistant zoonotic bacteria in humans and animals or related to resistance of plasmids isolated from humans and animals.

Models for Gut-Mediated Horizontal Gene Transfer by Bacterial Plasmid Conjugation

“…The presence of plasmid-mediated AR and VG in clinically isolated samples is well documented ( Corliss et al, 1981 ; Balis et al, 1996 ; Oppegaard et al, 2001 ; Winokur et al, 2001 ; Salyers et al, 2004 ; Hong et al, 2009 ; Aguado-Urda et al, 2012 ; Diaz et al, 2012 ; Liu et al, 2012 ; McInnes et al, 2020 ). These plasmid-mediated ARG and VGs have been shown, anecdotally, to be involved in plasmid conjugation and the emergence of novel resistant bacterial strains in human healthcare ( Balis et al, 1996 ; Guiyoule et al, 2001 ; Winokur et al, 2001 ; Ohana et al, 2005 ; Daini and Akano, 2009 ; Goldfarb et al, 2009 ; Mahmood et al, 2014 ; Schweizer et al, 2019 ). However, due to limitations in human microbial research related to the introduction of antimicrobial resistance plasmids into living hosts, there has been a limit to the understandings available surrounding the factors that participate in regulating the process of plasmid-mediated HGT in and on humans.…”