Transmission of Areca Palm Velarivirus 1 by Mealybugs Causes Yellow Leaf Disease in Betel Palm (<i>Areca catechu</i>)

Zhang, Huaiwen; Zhao, Xue; Cao, Xianmei; Khan, Latif Ullah; Zhao, Ruibai; Wang, Hongxing; Huang, Xi

doi:10.1094/phyto-06-21-0261-r

Cited by 12 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…P. cryptus is associated with the Areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1), considered the causal agent for yellow leaf disease and one of the most destructive diseases of betel palm (Zhang et al., 2021).…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pest categorisation of Pseudococcus cryptus

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), the citriculus mealybug, for the EU. P. cryptus originates from Southeast Asia but is now established in East Africa, the Middle East and South America. The pest is not currently known to occur in the EU (there was a record once, in 2006, in a zoo/botanical garden from southern Spain). P. cryptus is not listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It is polyphagous, feeding on plants in more than 90 genera in 51 families, and exhibits a preference for citrus (Citrus spp.) and palms (especially Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis and Areca catechu). It is an important pest of citrus in Japan and parts of the Middle East, although in Israel, it is controlled by natural enemies. It is sexually reproductive, has six overlapping generations each year in Israel, and each female lays up to approximately 150 eggs, depending on temperature and host species. The main natural dispersal stage is the first instar, which crawls over the host plant or may be dispersed further by wind and animals. Plants for planting, fruits, vegetables and cut flowers provide potential pathways for entry into the EU. Climatic conditions in EU member states around the Mediterranean Sea where there is host plant availability, especially citrus, are conducive for establishment. The introduction of P. cryptus is expected to have an economic impact in the EU through reduction in yield and quality of important crops (mainly citrus) and damage to various ornamental plants. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and further spread. P. cryptus meets the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.

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Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is evidence that P. cryptus is the vector of Areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) which is considered the causal agent for yellow leaf disease, one of the most destructive diseases of betel palm ( Areca catechu ) (Zhang et al., 2021). APV1 is not an EU quarantine pest listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072.…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Pseudococcus cryptus

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2022

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) is one of the main pathogens causing YLD in Areca palms, which is widely spread in areca palm plantationsand difficult to control, APV1 is a novel member of the genus Velarivirus within the family Closteroviridae . APV1 exhibits typical flexuous, filamentous particles and possesses a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of 17,546 nucleotides (nt), encoding 11 open reading frames, APV1 is the sole velarivirus known to be trans-mitted by mealybugs [ 10 , 13 ]. Symptoms of the disease first appear on the tips or middle crowns of the lower leaves, which exhibit distinct abnormal yellowing and normal green areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of dual reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for detection system for Areca palm velarivirus 1

Peng,

Fan,

Zhu

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) is one of the main pathogen causing yellow leaf disease, and leading to considerable losses in the Areca palm industry. The detection methods for APV1 are primarily based on phenotype determination and molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, a single PCR has limitations in accuracy and sensitivity. Therefore, in the present study, we established a dual RT-PCR APV1-detection system with enhanced accuracy and sensitivity using two pairs of specific primers, YLDV2-F/YLDV2-R and YLDV4-F/YLDV4-R. Moreover, two cDNA fragments covering different regions of the viral genome were simultaneously amplified, with PCR amplicon of 311 and 499 bp, respectively. The dual RT-PCR detection system successfully amplified the two target regions of the APV1, demonstrating high specificity and sensitivity and compensating for the limitations of single-primer detection methods. We tested 60 Areca palm samples from different geographical regions, highlighting its advantages in that the dual RT-PCR system efficiently and accurately detected APV1 in samples across diverse areas. The dual RT-PCR APV1 detection system provides a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method for detecting the virus and offers valuable technical support for research in preventing and managing yellow leaf diseases caused by APV1 in Areca palms. Moreover, the findings of this study can serve as a reference for establishing similar plants viral detection systems in the future.

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“…Ampeloviruses are transmitted by mealybugs, while criniviruses and closteroviruses are transmitted by whiteflies and aphids, respectively (Karasev 2000;Dolja et al 2006). Although velariviruses and criniviruses exhibit a closer genetic relationship in phylogenetic analyses (Martelli 2019; Zhang et al 2022), their distinct transmission vectors and genome structures prevent their inclusion in a single genus (Jelkmann et al 2012;Lim et al 2015;Zhang et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) by Pseudococcus cryptus

Zhao,

Cao

et al. 2024

Phytopathol Res

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Betel palm is one of the most economically important crops in Southeast Asia. The occurrence and expansion of yellow leaf disease (YLD) have significantly impacted betel palm plantations. Our previous research demonstrated that areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) was associated with YLD and transmitted by Ferrisia virgata (striped mealybug), causing YLD in betel palms. This finding provides strong etiological evidence of the role played by APV1 in YLD. Controlling YLD is a pressing issue with significant challenges. One viable approach is to prevent the virus from spreading by disrupting the transmission vectors. Therefore, it is imperative to identify potential vectors of APV1. In this study, we detected APV1 in the stylet, foregut, midgut, and hindgut of Pseudococcus cryptus (cryptic mealybug) using immunocapture RT-PCR and in situ immunofluorescence localization. P. cryptus transmitted APV1 in a non-circulative, semi-persistent manner. The retention time of APV1 in P. cryptus was notably longer than that in F. virgata. Additionally, field investigations revealed that three other insects infesting betel palms also carried APV1. In summary, APV1 may also be transmitted by other mealybug species, and the lower specificity of transmission vectors makes it challenging to control the spread of this devastating disease. This work provides timely knowledge for the prevention and management of YLD.

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Transmission of Areca Palm Velarivirus 1 by Mealybugs Causes Yellow Leaf Disease in Betel Palm (Areca catechu)

Cited by 12 publications

References 38 publications

Pest categorisation of Pseudococcus cryptus

Pest categorisation of Pseudococcus cryptus

Establishment of dual reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for detection system for Areca palm velarivirus 1

Transmission of areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) by Pseudococcus cryptus

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