Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus (H3N2) to Dogs

Song, Daesub; Kang, Bo-Kyu; Lee, Chul Seung; Jung, Kwonil; Ha, Gun-Woo; Kang, Dongseok; Park, Seongjun; Park, Bong‐Kyun; Oh, Jeongseog

doi:10.3201/eid1405.071471

Cited by 302 publications

(315 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…1,25 A subsequent serosurvey 5 revealed that 25% of 629 asymptomatic dogs had been exposed to the virus in Thailand. The transmission of an entire avian FLUAV subtype H3N2 to dogs in South Korea was identified in 2007, 23 and additional studies 16,24 support the sustained transmission of this avianorigin H3N2 virus between South Korean dogs. promedmail.org/pls/apex/f?p52400:1000, archive number 20091128.4079.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Antibodies to Influenza A Viruses in Dogs in Italy (2006–2008)

Benedictis

Anderson²,

Pérez

et al. 2010

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. Since 2004, there have been several reports of Influenza A virus (FLUAV) infection in dogs. Dogs have been infected with equine influenza H3N8, avian influenza H3N2 and H5N1, and the pandemic H1N1 virus. Because of recent avian and equine influenza outbreaks in Italy, the objectives of the present study were to estimate the level of exposure of Italian dogs to influenza A viruses and to assess a diagnostic algorithm for detection of FLUAV exposure in dogs. Sera collected from 6,858 dogs from 2006 to 2008 were screened in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for antibodies to the highly conserved influenza A nucleoprotein. Samples positive in the cELISA were confirmed by testing in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Two seropositive dogs had antibodies to H3 hemagglutinin proteins, consistent with exposure to recent canine and equine subtype H3N8 viruses. Using a Bayesian model, the sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA were estimated as 93.98% (probability intervals [PI]: 81.67-99.08%) and 98.71% (PI: 98.43-98.96%), respectively. After accounting for the imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA, the Bayesian posterior prevalence of FLUAV exposure among tested Italian dogs was 0.5% (PI: 0.1-1.4%). The study results indicate that screening with a cELISA for influenza A nucleoprotein antibody, followed by confirmatory testing with HI and/or FAT, is a highly sensitive and highly specific approach for diagnosing FLUAV exposure in dogs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Antibodies to Influenza A Viruses in Dogs in Italy (2006–2008)

Benedictis

Anderson²,

Pérez

et al. 2010

J VET Diagn Invest

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“…3 Reports of prolonged shedding of H3N2 virus in experimentally infected dogs prompted an evaluation of the 7-day isolation period previously recommended for H3N8 virus. 5,6 Two studies 5,7 from South Korea have reported on shedding of H3N2 virus. In otherwise healthy dogs, virus shedding has been shown to extend to 8 days for H3N2, 5 whereas prolonged H3N2 shedding has been described in experimentally immune compromised and infected dogs 7 ; immune suppressed dogs shed H3N2 virus for 13 days, compared with 8 days for control dogs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 Two studies 5,7 from South Korea have reported on shedding of H3N2 virus. In otherwise healthy dogs, virus shedding has been shown to extend to 8 days for H3N2, 5 whereas prolonged H3N2 shedding has been described in experimentally immune compromised and infected dogs 7 ; immune suppressed dogs shed H3N2 virus for 13 days, compared with 8 days for control dogs. Duration of virus shedding may have important implications for the ecology and spread of the virus as well as have substantial implications for population management in a shelter setting.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged intermittent virus shedding during an outbreak of canine influenza A H3N2 virus infection in dogs in three Chicago area shelters: 16 cases (March to May 2015)

Newbury¹,

Godhardt-Cooper²,

Poulsen³

et al. 2016

javma

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OBJECTIVE To estimate an appropriate isolation period for dogs infected with canine influenza A H3N2 virus on the basis of the duration of virus shedding. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 16 dogs, from 3 Chicago area shelters, naturally infected with canine influenza A H3N2 virus. PROCEDURES Medical records of 16 affected dogs were reviewed. Nasal swab specimens from each dog had been tested periodically for a minimum of 15 days following an initial positive real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) assay result for influenza A virus shedding. Amplicons were purified, quantified, and sequenced by the Sanger DNA sequencing technique. Virus isolation and sequence results of canine influenza A H3N2 virus from nasal swab specimens were obtained in conjunction with signalment, description of clinical signs, type of treatment, and outcome. RESULTS Viruses from each dog were identified as canine influenza A H3N2 virus on the basis of DNA sequencing. The interval between first and last positive rRT-PCR assay results ranged from 13 to 24 days, whereas the time interval from first reported clinical signs to last positive assay results ranged from 15 to 26 days. Isolation of canine influenza A H3N2 virus was successful in the late shedding period from nasal swab specimens of 4 dogs at 15 and 20 days after the first positive rRT-PCR assay result and 18 to 20 days after the first clinical signs. Clinical signs resolved for all dogs that remained in the shelters during the testing period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs infected with H3N2 virus should be isolated for a period of ≥ 21 days following onset of illness. Even when resolution of clinical signs occurs sooner than 21 days, shedding of H3N2 virus may persist.

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“…While there was evidence of additional EIV transmission events into dogs in the United States,6 there was no evidence of sustained transmission of these other events, nor were there reports of CIV transfer back to horses or to humans 7. An H3N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) was detected in dogs in Asia in ~2005 and now appears to be endemic 8, 9, 10, 11. H3N2 subtype viruses are endemic in swine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The avian‐origin H3N2 canine influenza virus that recently emerged in the United States has limited replication in swine

Abente

Anderson

Rajão

et al. 2016

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Equine‐origin H3N8 has circulated in dogs in the United States since 1999. A genetically and antigenically distinct avian‐origin H3N2 canine influenza was detected in March of 2015 in Chicago, Illinois. Subsequent outbreaks were reported with over 1000 dogs in the Midwest affected followed by 23 additional states with detections within 5 months. The potential for canine‐to‐swine transmission was unknown. Experimental infection in pigs showed this virus does not replicate efficiently in swine.

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Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus (H3N2) to Dogs

Cited by 302 publications

References 15 publications

A Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Antibodies to Influenza A Viruses in Dogs in Italy (2006–2008)

A Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Antibodies to Influenza A Viruses in Dogs in Italy (2006–2008)

Prolonged intermittent virus shedding during an outbreak of canine influenza A H3N2 virus infection in dogs in three Chicago area shelters: 16 cases (March to May 2015)

The avian‐origin H3N2 canine influenza virus that recently emerged in the United States has limited replication in swine

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