Transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus between sheep

Lima, Carla Caroline Valença de; Ayres, Maria Consuêlo Caribé; Pinheiro, R. R.; Costa, Joselito Nunes; Souza, Thiago Sampaio de; Pinheiro, Alyson Andrade; Azevedo, Dalva Alana Aragão de; Santos, Vanderlan Warlington Souza dos

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20180053

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Outra forma de transferência proteica entre gel e MN é a passiva, em que ocorre a pressão física, por meio de pesos de aproximadamente 2 kg durante 72 horas [23]. Para o diagnóstico dos LVPRs são utilizadas ambas formas de transferências proteica: a forma passiva [23,71] e por meio de Eletroblotting [37,61,73].…”

Section: Western Blot: Conceitos Básicos E Aplicaçõesunclassified

Western Blot in Immunodiagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus

Peixoto

Araújo

Pinheiro

2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) belong to genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. These viruses cause caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and maedi visna (MV), infectious diseases that cause economic, production, and reproductive losses. There are no effective treatments or vaccines for these diseases. Thus, early detection via serology has great importance for control of SRLV. Therefore, the objective of this review is to demonstrate the potential of the western blot (WB) test as an immunodiagnostic test for SRLV. Review: In general, immunodiagnosis of SRLV is performed via agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect antibodies in several different biological samples but is used preferably with serum and blood plasma. However, WB has demonstrated efficacy in the early diagnosis of immunoglobulins against SRLV, presenting higher sensitivity and specificity than the serological tests usually used, because this technique can detect antibodies at a dilution as much as 256 times greater than that of AGID and 32 times greater than that of ELISA. SRLV infection and consequent immunological activation result in the induction of cellular and humoral responses. Additionally, around the third week, production of antibodies directed mainly toward viral capsid proteins (p25 and p28) occurs. After the fifth week, production of immunoglobulins directed toward other viral proteins occurs. Because of the persistence of SRLV infection, serology is considered to be the most practical means to diagnosis. Each serological test has a percentage specificity and distinct sensitivity, as well as advantages and disadvantages in its applicability. It should be noted that there is no gold standard test for diagnosis of SRLV infection. Moreover, SRLV are characterized by escape mechanisms such as genetic diversity, mutagenic potential, viral intermittence, and the process of compartmentalization, which make immunodiagnosis more difficult. In addition, positive animals tend to present unstable levels of antibodies over weeks, months, and even years. In this context, WB, with early antibody detection, has been proven to be a refined and more accurate technique than other immunodiagnostic tests for SRLV. WB allows the simultaneous resolution of several immunogenic antigens present in a sample, and this feature provides it with greater reliability, differentiates it from other immunological methods, and accredits it as a test of wide applicability. Epidemiological and immunological dynamics studies often use WB in the immunodynamic diagnosis of SRLV. Serum, blood plasma, and seminal plasma are typical biological materials used in the serological diagnosis of SRLV with WB, expanding its potential as an immunodiagnosis method.Conclusion: WB is the most accurate serological technique for SRLV. It is more capable of accurate diagnosis because the genetic diversity that characterizes such lentiviruses and their various immune system escape mechanisms routinely hinder traditional diagnosis. Additionally, this test has been used widely in studies of SRLV for various purposes, but mainly in studies of epidemiological and immunological dynamics, using serum, blood plasma, or seminal plasma. However, independently of the biological sample tested, WB maintains high sensitivity and precision in immunodiagnosis, making it a refined and valid technique for SRLV control programs.

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Section: Western Blot: Conceitos Básicos E Aplicaçõesunclassified

Western Blot in Immunodiagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus

Peixoto

Araújo

Pinheiro

2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…They are RNA virus belonging to the family Retroviridae, Orthoretrovirinae subfamily, genus Lentivirus (MURRAY, 2000). These viruses cause different clinical manifestations, being in sheep chronic pneumonia and encephalitis (MVV) and caprine arthritis and leucoencephalomielitis (LIMA et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological evidence and spatial analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in herds in Maranhão, Brazil

Soares

Júnior²,

Soares

et al. 2020

AVB

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Caprine arthritis encephalitis and Maedi-Visnaare lentiviruses affecting goats and sheep, respectively. Despite the literature having studies about these diseases, there is a constant demand and the need to study the health status of flocks that exploit economically. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the frequency of small ruminant lentiviruses explored in regional locations of Chapadinha and Itapecuru Mirim, that compose the microregion of Low Parnaíba, Maranhão, Brazil, as well as analyze the spatial distribution of outbreaks in the studied regions. Therefore, 241 properties were visited, where blood was collected in 1150 sheep and 1260 goats and tested by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID). Epidemiological questionnaire was applied and collected the geographic coordinates. There was a low frequencyfor lentivirus, with 0.39% (5/1260) of goats and 0.08% (1/1150) of sheep. Regarding the spatial analysis, the reagent flocks were distributed in strategic cities for commercialization throughout the microregion. There was a low occurrence of lentiviruses.The municipalities of Cantanhede and Pirapemas of the regional of Itapecuru Mirimand Brejo and Magalhães de Almeida had reagent flocks for CAE. Whereas the municipality of Matões do Norte presented flock reagent to Maedi-Visna, this belonging to the regional of Chapadinha.

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Transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus between sheep

Cited by 2 publications

References 30 publications

Western Blot in Immunodiagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus

Western Blot in Immunodiagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus

Serological evidence and spatial analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in herds in Maranhão, Brazil

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