Transmission of Disease Agents by Phlebotomine Sand Flies

Adler, S.; Theodor, O.

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.02.010157.001223

Cited by 107 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…The distribution and abundance of sandflies depends on moist soil that is rich in organic and nitrogenous matter (Napier & Smith 1926, Adler & Theodor 1957. The importance of physicochemical properties of the soil governing the breeding and distribution of sandflies has been emphasised (Sivagnaname & Amalraj 1997); however, in India, pH and the presence of inorganic constituents in the soil were found as characteristics of the breeding sites of sandflies (Kesari et al 1991.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative evaluation of endemic and non-endemic region of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in India with ground survey and space technology

Kesari

Bhunia

Kumar

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative evaluation of endemic and non-endemic region of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in India with ground survey and space technology

Kesari

Bhunia

Kumar

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…In order to achieve this, it is essential to conduct specifically designed cohort studies. While it is intuitive to believe that dogs are significant reservoirs because they are more competent at infecting sand flies than people 47,[63][64][65][66][67][68] , other parameters that depend on the vectors (vectorial capacity) are much more significant for the basic reproductive number of the disease (e.g., the number of secondary cases emerging from an infectious case) and, therefore, for the incrimination of reservoirs. For example, some observations and mathematical models show that the importance of a reservoir is regulated not only by its competence in infecting vectors, but also by the parameters that measure a) the degree of exposure of vertebrate hosts to vectors and b) the vector daily mortality.…”

Section: The Importance Of Dog Infection For Human Kala-azarmentioning

confidence: 99%

How effective is dog culling in controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis? a critical evaluation of the science, politics and ethics behind this public health policy

Costa

2011

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

127

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How effective is dog culling in controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis? A critical evaluation of the science, politics and ethics behind this public health policyQuanto é efetivo o abate de cães para o controle do calazar zoonótico? Uma avaliação crítica da ciência, política e ética por trás desta política de saúde pública Carlos Henrique Nery Costa 1,2 ABSTRACT Introduction: Zoonotic kala-azar, a lethal disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania is considered out of control in parts of the world, particularly in Brazil, where transmission has spread to cities throughout most of the territory and mortality presents an increasing trend. Although a highly debatable measure, the Brazilian government regularly culls seropositive dogs to control the disease. Since control is failing, critical analysis concerning the actions focused on the canine reservoir was conducted. Methods: In a review of the literature, a historical perspective focusing mainly on comparisons between the successful Chinese and Soviet strategies and the Brazilian approach is presented. In addition, analyses of the principal studies regarding the role of dogs as risk factors to humans and of the main intervention studies regarding the efficacy of the dog killing strategy were undertaken. Brazilian political reaction to a recently published systematic review that concluded that the dog culling program lacked efficiency and its effect on public policy were also reviewed. Results: No firm evidence of the risk conferred by the presence of dogs to humans was verified; on the contrary, a lack of scientific support for the policy of killing dogs was confirmed. A bias for distorting scientific data towards maintaining the policy of culling animals was observed. Conclusions: Since there is no evidence that dog culling diminishes visceral leishmaniasis transmission, it should be abandoned as a control measure. Ethical considerations have been raised regarding distorting scientific results and the killing of animals despite minimal or absent scientific evidence

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“…107(4): 543-545, June 2012 Phlebotomine insects are vectors of viral (Tesh 1988), bacterial and parasitic diseases (Adler & Theodor 1957), including sandfly fever, bartonellosis and leishmaniasis. In Brazil, Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi (Lainson & Rangel 2005), which causes visceral leishmaniasis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Disruption of the peritrophic matrix by exogenous chitinase feeding reduces fecundity in Lutzomyia longipalpis females

Araújo

Telleria

Dutra

et al. 2012

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. When female sandflies feed on blood, a peritrophic matrix (PM) is formed around the blood bolus. The PM is secreted by midgut cells and composed of proteins, glycoproteins and chitin microfibrils. The PM functions as both a physical barrier against pathogens present in the food bolus and blood meal digestion regulator. Previous studies of mosquitoes and sandflies have shown that the absence of a PM, resulting from adding an exogenous chitinase to the blood meal, accelerates digestion. In the present study, we analysed biological factors associated with the presence of a PM in L. longipalpis females. Insects fed blood containing chitinase (BCC) accelerated egg-laying relative to a control group fed blood without chitinase. However, in the BCC-fed insects, the number of females that died without laying eggs was higher and the number of eggs laid per female was lower. The eggs in both groups were viable and generated adults. Based on these data, we suggest that the absence of a PM accelerates nutrient acquisition, which results in premature egg production and oviposition; however, the absence of a PM reduces the total number of eggs laid per female. Reduced fecundity in the absence of a PM may be due to inefficient nutrient conversion or the loss of the protective role of the PM

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Transmission of Disease Agents by Phlebotomine Sand Flies

Cited by 107 publications

References 0 publications

A comparative evaluation of endemic and non-endemic region of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in India with ground survey and space technology

A comparative evaluation of endemic and non-endemic region of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in India with ground survey and space technology

How effective is dog culling in controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis? a critical evaluation of the science, politics and ethics behind this public health policy

Disruption of the peritrophic matrix by exogenous chitinase feeding reduces fecundity in Lutzomyia longipalpis females

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