Transmission of Hepatitis B and D Viruses in an African Rural Community

Pinho-Nascimento, Carlos Augusto; Bratschi, Martin W.; Höfer, René; Soares, Caroline C.; Warryn, Louisa; Pečerska, Jūlija; Minyem, Jacques C.; Paixão, Izabel C. N. P.; Moraes, Marcia Terezinha Baroni de; Boock, Alphonse Um; Niel, Christian; Pluschke, Gerd; Röltgen, Katharina

doi:10.1128/msystems.00120-18

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In contrast with the situations observed in East European countries as Moldova or in Mongolia, dual infections were infrequent in our study (3.1%) ( 25 , 26 ). This observation is in keeping with the fact that in Sub-Saharan Africa, HBV and HCV are generally transmitted through different routes and not predominantly together as when intravenous drug use is widespread ( 27 , 28 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Drastic sex-dependent etiological distribution in severe liver diseases from Gabon

Moussavou-Boundzanga

Bignoumba²,

Mouinga‐Ondémé³

et al. 2022

Front. Oncol.

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Chronic liver diseases still represent a worrying public health issue in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this region, emphasis is generally made on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) albeit liver cirrhosis (LC) is also responsible for an important death toll. Very few studies have compared the presentation and etiologies of cancer and cirrhosis of the liver in Middle Africa. We conducted a comparative retrospective analysis of 74 and 134 cases of patients with HCC and LC treated in Libreville, Gabon. Viral or lifestyle risk factors, clinical symptoms, and biological features were compared. We observed that ages of diagnosis were 53.2 ± 15.7 years and 48.6 ± 18.6 years for HCC and LC with remarkably low M:F sex ratios (1.3-1.8). Ethanol consumption was highly prevalent in both disease types (65.0%-70.0%). Chronic viral infections with hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) virus were also widespread with slight domination of the former in both diseases (43.4% vs. 34.3%, and 35.9% vs. 28.5%). Patients with HCC were presenting very late with a mean diameter of the main nodule of 84 ± 50 mm and a multifocal pattern in 72.7% of cases. HCC developed on a cirrhotic liver in 91.7% of cases. Serum AFP was frankly elevated (>400 ng/ml) in only 35.8% of HCC cases. The most striking feature of the HCC series was the contrasted contribution of distinct pathogenic etiologies involving sex, viral, metabolic, and toxic factors. A frequently dysmetabolic condition synergizing with hepatitis C (anti-HCV, 73.8% vs 22.7%, p < 0.0001) in females and a male cancer promoted by recreational toxicants and chronic hepatitis B (HBsAg, 83.5% vs 35.9%, p < 0.0001) were observed. Men with HCC were considerably younger than women (46.8 ± 14.5 years vs. 62.2 ± 12.2 years, p < 0.0001). Further studies are now warranted to identify routes of HCV transmission and if they are still fueling reservoirs of future patients. Public policies to prevent alcohol-related harm have also to be urgently implemented in Gabon.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Drastic sex-dependent etiological distribution in severe liver diseases from Gabon

Moussavou-Boundzanga

Bignoumba²,

Mouinga‐Ondémé³

et al. 2022

Front. Oncol.

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“…Moreover, special attention should be paid to highly endemic areas (Asia Pacific, sub-Saharan African) where the vertical transmission remains predominant route of infection. The majority of HBV carriers in these regions are infected at birth or during their first 5 years of life, when the risk of progression to chronicity is high [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. This phenomenon is caused by the low coverage of the HBV birth dose, concerns about appropriate vaccine storage, unsuccessful prophylaxis against HBV, as well as high incidence of home births [ 8 , 10 ].…”

Section: Current Global Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Rybicka

Bielawski

2020

Microorganisms

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Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 292 million people worldwide and is associated with a broad range of clinical manifestations including cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the availability of an effective vaccine HBV still causes nearly 900,000 deaths every year. Current treatment options keep HBV under control, but they do not offer a cure as they cannot completely clear HBV from infected hepatocytes. The recent development of reliable cell culture systems allowed for a better understanding of the host and viral mechanisms affecting HBV replication and persistence. Recent advances into the understanding of HBV biology, new potential diagnostic markers of hepatitis B infection, as well as novel antivirals targeting different steps in the HBV replication cycle are summarized in this review article.

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“…HBV is transmitted through mucous membrane or non‐intact skin exposure to infected blood or other bodily fluids such as saliva, semen and vaginal fluid 3 . In sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), infection most commonly occurs in early childhood through horizontal transmission (close interaction with infected household contacts and playmates) and mother‐to‐child transmission during delivery 4‐9 . Other infection pathways include poor infection control procedures during surgery 10 and traditional practices (eg tattooing) 10,11 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sibling status, home birth, tattoos and stitches are risk factors for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Senegalese children: A cross‐sectional survey

Périères

Protopopescu

Lô

et al. 2021

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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Sub‐Saharan Africa's hepatitis B virus (HBV) burden is primarily due to infection in infancy. However, data on chronic HBV infection prevalence and associated risk factors in children born post‐HBV vaccination introduction are scarce. We estimated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence and risk factors in Senegalese children born during the HBV vaccination era. In 2018–2019, a community‐based cross‐sectional survey was conducted in Senegal among children born between 2004 and 2015 (ie after the three‐dose HBV vaccine series was introduced (2004) but before the birth dose's introduction (2016)). HBsAg‐positive children were identified using dried blood spots. A standardized questionnaire collected socioeconomic information. Data were age‐sex weighted and calibrated to be representative of children living in the study area. Risk factors associated with HBsAg positivity were identified using negative binomial regression. Among 1,327 children, 17 were HBsAg‐positive (prevalence = 1.23% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61–1.85)). Older age (adjusted incidence‐rate ratio [aIRR] 1.31 per one‐year increase, 95% CI 1.10–1.57), home vs healthcare facility delivery (aIRR 3.55, 95% CI 1.39–9.02), stitches (lifetime) (aIRR 4.79; 95% CI 1.84–12.39), tattoos (aIRR 8.97, 95% CI 1.01–79.11) and having an HBsAg‐positive sibling with the same mother (aIRR 3.05, 95% CI 1.09–8.57) were all independently associated with HBsAg positivity. The low HBsAg prevalence highlights the success of the Senegalese HBV vaccination program. To further reduce HBV acquisition in children, high‐risk groups, including pregnant women and siblings of HBsAg‐positive individuals, must be screened. Vital HBV infection prevention measures include promoting delivery in healthcare facilities, and increasing awareness of prevention and control procedures.

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Transmission of Hepatitis B and D Viruses in an African Rural Community

Cited by 5 publications

References 48 publications

Drastic sex-dependent etiological distribution in severe liver diseases from Gabon

Drastic sex-dependent etiological distribution in severe liver diseases from Gabon

Recent Advances in Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Sibling status, home birth, tattoos and stitches are risk factors for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Senegalese children: A cross‐sectional survey

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