Transmission of Information in Simple Manual Control Systems

Elkind, Jerome I.; Sprague, L. T.

doi:10.1109/thfe2.1961.4503299

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Reasons for retaining a compensatory organization in situations where more signals can be perceived are: 1) a lack of experience, the HC has not yet learned sufficiently to progress to the pursuit or precognitive stages, 2) the HC is under stress, causing him/her to 'revert' to a compensatory organization, or 3) a pursuit or precognitive organization is not beneficial for improving performance [68], [75]. Pioneering research into human tracking behavior by Tustin [65] and Elkind [66], [91] led to a comprehensive framework for the analysis and modeling of compensatory control behavior in the 1960s [2]- [4], [67]- [69]. Much of our current knowledge stems from these investigations into human dynamics during single-loop compensatory tracking tasks [2], [66], [69].…”

Section: B Compensatory Trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manual Control Cybernetics: State-of-the-Art and Current Trends

Mulder

Pool

Abbink

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Human-Mach. Syst.

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Abstract-Manual control cybernetics aims to understand and describe how humans control vehicles and devices using mathematical models of human control dynamics. This 'cybernetic approach' enables objective and quantitative comparisons of human behavior, and allows a systematic optimization of human control interfaces and training associated with manual control. Current cybernetics theory is primarily based on technology and analysis methods formalized in the 1960s and has shown to be limited in its capability to capture the full breadth of human cognition and control. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art in our knowledge of human manual control, points out the main fundamental limitations in cybernetics, and proposes a possible roadmap to advance the theory and its applications. Central in this roadmap will be a shift from the current linear time-invariant modeling approach that is only truly valid for human behavior under tightly controlled and stationary conditions, to methods that facilitate the analysis of adaptive, and possibly time-varying, human behavior in realistic control tasks. Examples of key current developments in the field of cybernetics -human use of preview, predictable discrete maneuvering, skill acquisition and training, time-varying human modeling, and neuromuscular system modeling -that contribute to this shift are presented in this paper. The new foundations for cybernetics that will emerge from these efforts will impact all domains that involve humans in manual and semi-automatic control.

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Section: B Compensatory Trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manual Control Cybernetics: State-of-the-Art and Current Trends

Mulder

Pool

Abbink

et al. 2018

IEEE Trans. Human-Mach. Syst.

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“…For continuous movement, repetitive, experimenter-paced tasks such as alternately touching two targets with a stylus or pursuit tracking, the constant is slightly above .1 sec/bit. Elkind and Sprague (1961) get maximum rates of 135 msec/bit (7.4 bits/sec) for a pursuit tracking task. Fitts's original dotting experiment as replotted by Welford (1968. p. 148) gives K of 120 msec/bit as does Welford's own study using the actual distance between the dots, the same measure of distance used in this study.…”

Section: Mousementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Mouse, Rate-Controlled Isometric Joystick, Step Keys, and Text Keys for Text Selection on a CRT

1978

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Four devices are evaluated with respect to how rapidily they can be used to select text on a CRT display. The mouse is found to be fastest on all counts and also to have the lowest error rates. It is shown that variations in positioning time with the mouse and joystick are accounted for by Fitts's Law. In the case of the mouse, the measured Fitts's Law slope constant is close to that found in other eye-hand tasks leading to the conclusion that positioning time with this device is almost the minimal achievable. Positioning time for the key devices is shown to be proportional to the number of keystrokes which must be typed.

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“…For tracking or decision tasks, a limit has been observed where human operators can not reliably make greater than two decisions per second (Craik, 1948;Elkind and Sprague, 1961;Fitts and Posner, 1967;Debecker and Desmedt, 1970). Our system potentially eliminates one decision per second, or per map switch, a non-trivial benefit.…”

Section: Task Switchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Predictive displays show operators what possible future states might arise (Kelley, 1968;Gallaher et al, 1977;Lintern et al, 1990). Preview of which element to attend to next may ameliorate delays for rapid decision making (Grossman, 1960;Elkind and Sprague, 1961;Reid and Drewell, 1972;Grunwald, 1985). Our algorithm took advantage of many of these principles, using a simple external cue, which applies domain-generally.…”

Section: Divided Attention and Bias Supervisory Sampling And Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Strategies for Multitasking, Search, and Control Improved via Real-Time Memory Aid for Gaze Location

Taylor

Bilgrien

et al. 2015

Front. ICT

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Objective: We aimed to elucidate how our domain-general cuing algorithm improved multitasking performance and changed behavioral strategies in human operators.Background: Though many gaze-control systems have been designed, previous realtime gaze-aware assistance systems were not both successful and domain-general. It is largely unknown what constitutes optimal search efficiency using the eyes, or ideal control using the mouse. It is unclear what the best coordinating strategies are between these two modalities. Our previously developed closed-loop multitasking aid drastically improved multitasking performance, though the behavioral mechanisms through which it acted were unknown. Methods:We performed in-depth analyses and generated novel eye tracking and mouse movement measures, to explore the complex effects of our helpful system on gaze and motor behavior.Results: Our overlay cuing algorithm improved control efficiency and reduced wellknown biases in search patterns. This system also reduced micromanaging behavior, with humans rationally relying more on imperfect automation in experimental assistance cue conditions. We showed that mouse and gaze were more independently specialized in the helpful cuing condition than in control conditions. Specifically, with our aid, the gaze performed more global movement, and the mouse performed more local clustered movement. Further, the gaze shifted toward search over processing with the helpful cuing system. We also illustrated a relationship between the mouse and the gaze, such that in these studies, "the hand was quicker than the eye." Conclusion:Overall, results suggested that our cuing system improved performance and reduced short-term working memory load on humans by delegating it to the computer in real time. Further, it reduced the number of required repeated decisions by an estimate of about one per second. It also enabled the gaze to specialize for improved visual search behavior, and the mouse to specialize for improved control.

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Transmission of Information in Simple Manual Control Systems

Cited by 40 publications

References 2 publications

Manual Control Cybernetics: State-of-the-Art and Current Trends

Manual Control Cybernetics: State-of-the-Art and Current Trends

Evaluation of Mouse, Rate-Controlled Isometric Joystick, Step Keys, and Text Keys for Text Selection on a CRT

Human Strategies for Multitasking, Search, and Control Improved via Real-Time Memory Aid for Gaze Location

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