Transmission of MdSGHV among adult house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), occurs via oral secretions and excreta

Lietze, Verena-U.; Sims, Kelly R.; Salem, Tamer Z.; Geden, Christopher J.; Boucias, Drion G.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.02.007

Cited by 34 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In no case could 100% SGH be produced by per os challenge. These findings agree with the results of previous assays conducted with the MdSGHV3 isolate (7,15). However, all MdSGHV preparations originating from primary or secondary hypertrophied salivary glands induced 100% infection when they were injected into adult flies.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of MdSGHV consists of 124,279 bp and contains over 100 open reading frames (ORFs) (6,16). The virus, which replicates in the salivary glands of adult flies, is readily transmitted per os to healthy conspecific animals (15). During feeding, high numbers of infectious virus particles are deposited on the solid food substrate that is fed upon by healthy houseflies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus, a Globally Distributed Insect Virus That Infects and Sterilizes Female Houseflies

Prompiboon

Lietze

Denton

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The housefly, Musca domestica, is a cosmopolitan pest of livestock and poultry and is of economic, veterinary, and public health importance. Populations of M. domestica are naturally infected with M. domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV), a nonoccluded double-stranded DNA virus that inhibits egg production in infected females and is characterized by salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) symptoms. MdSGHV has been detected in housefly samples from North America, Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and the southwestern Pacific. In this study, houseflies were collected from various locations and dissected to observe SGH symptoms, and infected gland pairs were collected for MdSGHV isolation and amplification in laboratory-reared houseflies. Differences among the MdSGHV isolates were examined by using molecular and bioassay approaches. Approximately 600-bp nucleotide sequences from each of five open reading frames having homology to genes encoding DNA polymerase and partial homology to the genes encoding four per os infectivity factor proteins (p74, pif-1, pif-2, and pif-3) were selected for phylogenetic analyses. Nucleotide sequences from 16 different geographic isolates were highly homologous, and the polymorphism detected was correlated with geographic source. The virulence of the geographic MdSGHV isolates was evaluated by per os treatment of newly emerged and 24-h-old houseflies with homogenates of infected salivary glands. In all cases, 24-h-old flies displayed a resistance to oral infection that was significantly greater than that displayed by newly eclosed adults. Regardless of the MdSGHV isolate tested, all susceptible insects displayed similar degrees of SGH and complete suppression of oogenesis. Salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) ofMusca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) (MdSGHV) was originally detected in adult houseflies collected from dairies located in north Florida (2). Since the original description of this virus, a series of studies have detailed its molecular and biological properties. The circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of MdSGHV consists of 124,279 bp and contains over 100 open reading frames (ORFs) (6,16). The virus, which replicates in the salivary glands of adult flies, is readily transmitted per os to healthy conspecific animals (15). During feeding, high numbers of infectious virus particles are deposited on the solid food substrate that is fed upon by healthy houseflies. The development of viremia in female houseflies leads to a shutdown of egg production (7,14). Associated with female sterility is the downregulation of egg protein gene transcription in the fat body (14). In feral housefly populations, the incidence of infection may peak at 34% at selected sites (7), although at any given sampling time the incidence typically ranges from 1 to 10%. As expected with an orally transmitted virus, infection frequency is positively correlated with housefly density.Recently, we initiated a program directed at expanding the current collection of SGHVs associated with M. domestica. ...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

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confidence: 99%

Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus, a Globally Distributed Insect Virus That Infects and Sterilizes Female Houseflies

Prompiboon

Lietze

Denton

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Our past research has shown that both genders of M. domestica flies are equally susceptible to oral infection with MdSGHV in force-feeding assays (23) and to infection via intrahemocoelic injection with viral inoculum (22). However, in several surveyed field populations, the incidence of infection was up to 2-fold higher in male than in female flies (7,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Our past research has demonstrated that MdSGHV is acquired only by adult flies, replicates in the salivary glands, and is transmitted horizontally during feeding and after exposure to virus-contaminated surfaces (12,23). During one short feeding event (lasting 2 to 3 s), an infected fly releases roughly 10 6 virions, and the released virus is infectious when consumed by healthy flies (12,23). However, flies subjected to forcefeeding assays develop resistance to oral infection within 24 h after eclosion (31).…”

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confidence: 99%

Disease Dynamics and Persistence of Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus Infections in Laboratory House Fly (Musca domestica) Populations

Lietze¹,

Geden²,

Doyle³

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Past surveys of feral house fly populations have shown that Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) has a worldwide distribution, with an average prevalence varying between 0.5% and 10%. How this adult-specific virus persists in nature is unknown. In the present study, experiments were conducted to examine short-term transmission efficiency and longterm persistence of symptomatic MdSGHV infections in confined house fly populations. Average rates of disease transmission from virus-infected to healthy flies in small populations of 50 or 100 flies ranged from 3% to 24% and did not vary between three tested geographical strains that originated from different continents. Introduction of an initial proportion of 40% infected flies into fly populations did not result in epizootics. Instead, long-term observations demonstrated that MdSGHV infection levels declined over time, resulting in a 10% infection rate after passing through 10 filial generations. In all experiments, induced disease rates were significantly higher in male flies than in female flies and might be explained by male-specific behaviors that increased contact with viremic flies and/or virus-contaminated surfaces. Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) is a globally distributed, insect-pathogenic virus that infects adult house flies exclusively (13,21,31). This enveloped, nonoccluded, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus causes symptomatic salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) in both genders of M. domestica flies and suppresses ovarian development in infected females (7,22). Thus, it has the potential to act as a sterilizing agent upon introduction into fly populations. The prevalence of symptomatic MdSGHV infection in house fly populations generally ranges from 0.5% to 10%, but occasional peaks as high as 34% have been reported (12). It is unknown how MdSGHV persists over time in nature. Our past research has demonstrated that MdSGHV is acquired only by adult flies, replicates in the salivary glands, and is transmitted horizontally during feeding and after exposure to virus-contaminated surfaces (12, 23). During one short feeding event (lasting 2 to 3 s), an infected fly releases roughly 10 6 virions, and the released virus is infectious when consumed by healthy flies (12, 23). However, flies subjected to forcefeeding assays develop resistance to oral infection within 24 h after eclosion (31). Because feral flies are unlikely to commence foraging and feeding activities during this time window, the per os infection route alone does not appear to explain viral transmission and disease manifestation under natural conditions. Hitherto unidentified behaviors of and interactions between healthy and viremic flies may play a significant role in viral transmission and maintenance of viremia in fly populations.It is possible that gender-specific behaviors also influence the transmission efficiency of MdSGHV. Our past research has shown that both genders of M. domestica flies are equally susceptible to oral infection with MdSGHV in for...

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“…House fly salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) has the appealing property of shutting down reproductive development in adult flies but attempts to develop infective baits have been hampered by the refractoriness of older flies to oral infection (15,16,32). Space sprays to treat flies directly may have more potential for delivering MdSGHV into fly populations (33,34). Entomopathogenic nematodes such as Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.…”

Section: Cypoviruses Are Also Referred As Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis VImentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomopathogens in control of urban pests

KILIÇ

2014

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary: Entomopathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rickettsia and nematodes are non-infective to vertebrates. There are lots of researches on their efficacy on urban pests. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) is effective in controlling mosquitos and black flies, B. thuringiensis kurstaki and B. thuringiensis entomocidus controls Lepidoptera caterpillars. B. thuringiensis tenebrionis controls some beetle species. Most of viruses kill immature stages of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Baculoviruses are specific to only a few pests of Lepidoptera and mosquitoes. Fungi have wide spectrum of hosts and the ability to enter via cuticle. They can infect many insects (Dictyoptera, Orthoptera, Dermoptera, Culicidae, Muscidae, Simulidae, Tabanidae, Cimicidae, Vespidae, Formicidae, Lepidoptera, Termitidae) and ticks (Ixodidae and Argasidae). The most common entomopathogenic fungus species are Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. Protozoa are pathogenic for insect and some ticks. Nosema is the most common genus. However there is necessity to evaluate the potential of Nosema-Ixodidae and Nosema-Insect interactions for tick and insect bio-control. Rickettsias are obligatory intracellular organisms and some species affect ticks. Nematode species in the families of Steinernematidae (Steinernema spp., Neosteirnema spp.), Heterorhabditidae (Heterorhabditis spp.) and Mermithidae are effective on insects and ticks. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) carry the pathogenic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp.) in their intestines. These bacteria are able to kill the host within 24-48 hours. Some entomopathogens or microbial pathogens can be mass-produced, and suitable for commercial use. Current applications include control programs for agricultural, forest and urban pests. This review emphases on the potential of different entomopathogens for bio-control of urban pests and brief information about microbial control agents.Key words: Entomopathogens, pest, microbial control, virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoa, rickettsia, nematode, insect, tick. Kent zararlılarının kontrolünde entomopatojenler

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Transmission of MdSGHV among adult house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), occurs via oral secretions and excreta

Cited by 34 publications

References 17 publications

Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus, a Globally Distributed Insect Virus That Infects and Sterilizes Female Houseflies

Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus, a Globally Distributed Insect Virus That Infects and Sterilizes Female Houseflies

Disease Dynamics and Persistence of Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus Infections in Laboratory House Fly (Musca domestica) Populations

Entomopathogens in control of urban pests

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