Transmission of Microcystins in Natural Systems and Resource Processes: A Review of Potential Risks to Humans Health

Abstract

The rapid rise of microcystins (MCs) poses a serious threat to global freshwater ecosystems and has become an important issue of global public health. MCs have considerable stability and are the most widely distributed hepatotoxins. It cannot only accumulate in aquatic organisms and transfer to higher nutrients and levels, but also be degraded or transferred during the resource utilization of cyanobacteria. No matter which enrichment method, it will lead to the risk of human exposure. This review summarizes the research status of MCs, and introduces the distribution of MCs in different components of aquatic ecosystems. The distribution of MCs in different aquatic organisms was summarized, and the potential risks of MCs in the environment to human safety were summarized. MCs have polluted all areas of aquatic ecosystems. In order to protect human life from the health threats caused by MCs, this paper also proposes some future research directions to promote MCs control and reduce human exposure to MCs.

Microcystin Contamination in Irrigation Water and Health Risk

“…Research has shown that MCs can accumulate in various organs of terrestrial organisms, leading to deleterious impacts on animal and human health. The bioaccumulation of MCs in the food web has been rarely studied in various locations, highlighting the potential risks associated with MC transfer in the food chain [ 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 ] ( Figure 2 ).…”