Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Children: A Study of Contacts of Index Paediatric Cases in India

Gupta, Nitin; Saravu, Kavitha; Varma, Muralidhar; Pm, Afsal; Shetty, Seema; Umakanth, Shashikiran

doi:10.1093/tropej/fmaa081

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Of the 40 articles, 23 identified household child-to-adult or child-to-child transmission [ 10 , 13 – 15 , 18 , 19 , 24 – 27 , 29 , 32 – 34 , 38 – 42 , 45 – 48 ]. Seventeen articles documented transmission at a school [ 4 , 17 – 23 , 28 – 30 , 35 – 37 , 43 , 44 , 50 ], 6 in a childcare setting, [ 19 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 49 , 50 ] and 5 from other social gatherings [ 16 , 17 , 23 , 24 , 47 ] (Table 1 ). Studies evaluating transmission in school and daycare settings, as well as structured social gatherings such as extracurricular sports, document a variety of non-pharmacological interventions to limit viral spread, including mask wearing, physical distancing, and maintenance of limited group sizes without intermingling (Supplementary Table 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, in studies that documented the total contacts exposed, 8.4% of contacts exposed to a confirmed pediatric index case were infected. We undertook a meta-analysis of overall pooled SARs, with data included from 13 studies [ 4 , 14 – 17 , 19 , 24 , 26 , 31 , 43 , 47 , 49 , 50 ]. The pooled estimate for all studies with full contact tracing of a contact of a pediatric index case being infected as secondary case was 0.10 (95% CI 0.03-0.25), with high heterogeneity ( I 2 = 88%) (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We undertook a meta-analysis of pooled SARs in close contact settings to compare transmission to children and to adults, with data included from 5 studies [ 14 , 15 , 24 , 26 , 47 ]. The pooled OR estimate for adults was 0.21 (95% CI 0.05-0.91), with no heterogeneity ( I 2 = 0%) (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We undertook a meta-analysis of pooled SARs in household and school settings [ 4 , 14 – 17 , 19 , 24 , 26 , 31 , 43 , 47 , 49 , 50 ]. The SAR estimate for household settings was 0.18 (95% CI 0.07-0.42), with significant heterogeneity ( I 2 = 83%), while the SAR estimate for school settings was 0.04 (95% CI 0.00-0.28) with significant heterogeneity ( I 2 = 91%) (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Child transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Silverberg

Zhang

et al. 2022

BMC Pediatr

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Background Understanding of the role of children in COVID-19 transmission has significant implications for school and childcare policies, as well as appropriate targeting of vaccine campaigns. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the role of children in SARS-CoV-2 transmission to other children and adults. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science were electronically searched for articles published before March 31, 2021. Studies of child-to-child and child-to-adult transmission and quantified the incidence of index and resulting secondary attack rates of children and adults in schools, households, and other congregate pediatric settings were identified. All articles describing confirmed transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a child were included. PRISMA guidelines for data abstraction were followed, with each step conducted by two reviewers. Results 40 of 6110 articles identified met inclusion criteria. Overall, there were 0.8 secondary cases per primary index case, with a secondary attack rate of 8.4% among known contacts. The secondary attack rate was 26.4% among adult contacts versus 5.7% amongst child contacts. The pooled estimate of a contact of a pediatric index case being infected as secondary case was 0.10 (95% CI 0.03-0.25). Conclusions Children transmit COVID-19 at a lower rate to children than to adults. Household adults are at highest risk of transmission from an infected child, more so than adults or children in other settings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Child transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Silverberg

Zhang

et al. 2022

BMC Pediatr

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“…Among 58 contacts, 32 (55.2%) were RTPCR positive giving SAR of 55.2% which is very high as compared to other studies conducted in Gujarat and Karnataka State. [10][11][12][13] The emergence of Pune as the city with the highest number of cases is somewhat intriguing, although not entirely a surprise since it was always among the five worst affected cities. This might be due to the fact that the testing in this city of Maharashtra was much more as compared to other cities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary attack rate among high-risk contacts of COVID-19 paediatric index cases: a study at the beginning of the pandemic in Pune city of Western Maharashtra, India

Jagadale

Tambe

Jadhav

et al. 2021

Int J Contemp Pediatr

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Background: The COVID-19 was the emerging disease caused by SARS-COV2. Efficient transmission of this disease occurs through droplets and fomites. The susceptibility of children to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and transmission of COVID-19 from children to others is a relatively unexplored area. The aim of this study was to understand the transmission dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in children. Study objectives were to estimate secondary attack rate of COVID-19 from paediatric index case during the early phase of pandemic in Pune city and to identify factors associated with transmission and development of the COVID-19 disease.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in the month of June 2020. The sample includes 58 contacts of 11 laboratory confirmed pediatric index cases of COVID-19 from Pune municipal corporation after written informed consent. A confidential telephonic interview of parents was taken by using a prestructured questionnaire which includes socio-demographic data, family background, type of house, development of symptoms, outcome etc.Results: The mean age of primary pediatric case was 12.7±5.1 years. All of them were symptomatic. The SAR estimated was 55.2%. The factors significantly affecting SAR were comorbidity, no. of family members, type of family, overcrowding, no. of rooms, bedroom attached with toilet.Conclusions: The household SAR from paediatric patients is high and is closely associated with family size and other household characteristics. Hence, home quarantine should be advocated in smaller families with appropriate isolation facilities; more emphasis is given to co-morbid individuals.

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The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic in Germany may represent the sum of a large number of local but independent epidemics each initiated by individuals aged 10–19 years, middle‐aged males, or elderly individuals

Häusler

Kleines

2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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Many epidemiological aspects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemics, particularly those affecting children, are still sparsely elucidated. Data on the first pandemic phase during the year 2020 indicated that children might serve as a virus reservoir. We now analyzed data on more than 530 000 SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 12 503 anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody tests performed in the west of Germany until Week 4 of 2021. We show that children of at least 10 years of age may play a prominent role in the pandemic showing highest PCR‐positive rates in the first (Weeks 28–35), second (Weeks 42–48), and third wave (Week 50 of 2020–Week 2 2021) of the second pandemic phase, although the waves were not mainly initiated by children. The waves' kinetics differed even in nearby cities. Low PCR‐positive rates were confined to areas of lower population density. PCR‐positive rates were higher among middle‐aged males compared with women and among very old females compared with males. From Week 25, seroprevalence rates slowly increased to 50%, indicating ongoing virus activity. In conclusion, the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemics is characterized by many local but interacting epidemics, initiated and driven by different social groups. Children may not be the main initiators of virus spreading but older children may significantly affect the course of the pandemic. High population density is associated with higher SARS‐CoV‐2 incidence.

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Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Children: A Study of Contacts of Index Paediatric Cases in India

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Child transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Child transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Secondary attack rate among high-risk contacts of COVID-19 paediatric index cases: a study at the beginning of the pandemic in Pune city of Western Maharashtra, India

The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic in Germany may represent the sum of a large number of local but independent epidemics each initiated by individuals aged 10–19 years, middle‐aged males, or elderly individuals

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