Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via fecal-oral and aerosols–borne routes: Environmental dynamics and implications for wastewater management in underprivileged societies

Arslan, Muhammad; Xu, Bin; El-Din, Mohamed Gamal

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140709

Cited by 138 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Human to human contact is the most important factor to increase the transmission rate of COVID-19. According to recent reports, the transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 mainly include the respiratory tract by droplets or respiratory secretions, and contact with infected persons or contaminated surface with poor hygiene practice ( Arslan et al, 2020 ; Saeed et al, 2020 ). In order to prevent the spread of COVID-19 between people, several measures were widely accepted by many countries, such as social distancing, handwashing, mask-wearing, isolation, quarantine, and community containment ( Ataguba and Ataguba, 2020 ; Mahase, 2020 ; Teslya et al, 2020 ; Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020 ), and these measures were effective and have been confirmed by multiple reports ( Mwalili et al, 2020 ; Ngonghala et al, 2020 ; Teslya et al, 2020 ; Tian et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that there may be other potential routes of transmission, such as exposure to SARS-CoV-2 that survive in community environment. Given that the infectious SARS-CoV-2 was found to be secreted through the human urinary system ( Sun et al, 2020 ) and intestinal tract ( Wang et al, 2020d ; Xiao et al, 2020b ; Zhou et al, 2020a ), and SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in wastewater worldwide ( Randazzo et al, 2020 ), many studies have suggested the possibility of wastewater transmission of COVID-19 disease ( Adelodun et al, 2020 ; Arslan et al, 2020 ; Foladori et al, 2020 ). However, the direct use of untreated excreta as a fertilizer and the flushing of excreta from open cesspools into the waters on rainy days might lead to serious water pollution, including the SARS-CoV-2 within human excreta.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19

Liu

Hou

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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According to the latest reports, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was successfully isolated from the excreta (stool and urine) of COVID-19 patients, suggesting SARS-CoV-2 could be transmitted through excreta contaminated water. As pit latrines and the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer were common in rural China, we surveyed 27 villages of Jiangxi and Hubei provinces and found that pit latrines could be a potential source of SARS-CoV-2 water pollution. Recently, bats have been widely recognized as the source of SARS-CoV-2. There were many possible intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2, including pangolin, snake, bird and fish, but which one was still not clear exactly. Here, we proposed a hypothesis to illustrate the mechanism that SARS-CoV-2 might spread from the excreta of infected humans in pit latrines to potential animal hosts, thus becoming a sustainable source of infection in rural China. Therefore, we believe that abolishing pit latrines and banning the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer can improve the local living environment and effectively prevent COVID-19 and other potential waterborne diseases that could emanate from the excreta of infected persons. Although this study focused on rural areas in China, the results could also be applied to low-income countries, especially in Africa.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19

Liu

Hou

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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“…The wastewater treatment ponds are most applied in rural and developing countries, which need more than two weeks to get reduction one log of viruses [91] . Therefore, if the wastewater and waste from these underdeveloped regions was not treated properly, it would result in snowballing transmission of COVID-19 in wastewater, as seen in other viral diseases previously [92] , [93] .…”

Section: Characteristics Of Coronaviruses In Aqueous Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where do we stand to oversee the coronaviruses in aqueous and aerosol environment? Characteristics of transmission and possible curb strategies

Zhao

Esteve‐Núñez

Liu

et al. 2021

Chemical Engineering Journal

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“…To collect, treat, and even reuse wastewater and to have a healthy and clean environment, the climatic conditions, spatial design, and socioeconomic strategies of every city or region must be carefully analyzed. show that the whole country of Iran experienced an increasing number of death tolls because of the unclean environment and particularly untreated wastewater in poor communities which is estimated to be majority of the Iran's population [38] and [39]. The sewage of Iranian cities, according to field observations, consists of two main parts.…”

Section: Theoretical Explorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collect and Treat Urban Wastewater to Fight the Pandemic Disease of COVID-19 Effectively

Shahraki¹

2020

Preprint

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This paper presents multidisciplinary and innovative research concerning fighting against coronavirus through wastewater collection and treatment. Studies suggest that coronavirus exists in the wastewaters. Untreated wastewater is proved to spread the virus. Coronavirus is attacking people globally and shrinking the economy. This paper highlights the idea that the coronavirus shall be defeated with the help of wastewater collection and treatment as well. The question addressed by this paper is will communities defeat the coronavirus without well-collected and treated wastewaters? This research aims to display the role of wastewaters in the spread of coronavirus in cities and to require their collection. The methods to achieve the goals are theoretical surveys, case study strategy, mathematical modeling, statistical procedures, forecasting of future, and dialectical discussions. The findings of this research demonstrate the need for carefully collected and treated wastewaters to overcome the coronavirus. This paper gives suitable techniques to collect and treat wastewater such as wastewater stabilization ponds, bacterial reactors, and anaerobic ponds. The innovative idea of this paper, its suggested indicators to select a certain wastewater treatment technique in every city, and its outcome will assist the global community to fight the coronavirus more effectively.

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Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via fecal-oral and aerosols–borne routes: Environmental dynamics and implications for wastewater management in underprivileged societies

Cited by 138 publications

References 83 publications

Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19

Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19

Where do we stand to oversee the coronaviruses in aqueous and aerosol environment? Characteristics of transmission and possible curb strategies

Collect and Treat Urban Wastewater to Fight the Pandemic Disease of COVID-19 Effectively

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