Transmission of Zika Virus Through Sexual Contact with Travelers to Areas of Ongoing Transmission — Continental United States, 2016

Hills, Susan L.; Russell, Kate; Hennessey, Morgan; Williams, Charnetta; Oster, Alexandra M.; Fischer, M. L.; Mead, Paul S.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6508e2er

Cited by 62 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…With the rapidly spread of this epidemic throughout the world, other possibilities of transmission have been raised, and there are already important records of possible transmission through sexual intercourse, saliva, amniotic fluid, urine, semen, breast milk, blood transfusion and laboratory exposure [7,10,11,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

After all, How is the Zika Virus Transmitted?

Barreto

Oliveira

Florêncio

et al. 2017

JMEN

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Zika (ZIKV) has spread rapidly throughout the world, causing serious epidemics. But, before the recent outbreak in Brazil, little was known about the virus or its mode of transmission. After ZIKV and microcephaly were associated in the Brazilian Northeast, virus spread caused international repercussions, generating the need to investigate other possibilities of transmission. Therefore, our objective was to identify the possible ways of ZIKV transmission described in the literature. A review of the published literature was carried out on the following databases: Scielo, Pubmed and Lilacs, related to ZIKV, from 1950 to 2006, and from 2006 to 2017. Only 46 publications were found in the period between 1950 to 2006. However, after the epidemics in the Yap Islands and in French Polynesia, more than 2000 publications were generated. The most common reported mode of transmission was the infected vector, especially those of the genus Aedes -A. aegypti was the most frequently cited. Some other possible vectors were cited as well, such as Culex spp.. However, studies suggest that this vector would not have the competence to transmit the ZIKV, which warrants further study. Other forms of documented transmission were through sexual intercourse, saliva, amniotic fluid, urine, semen, breast milk, blood transfusion and laboratory exposure. Given the great transmission potential of the ZIKV, its control has become a major challenge to global health. All these modes of transmission need to be further investigated to determine the relative weight of each one in any given epidemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

After all, How is the Zika Virus Transmitted?

Barreto

Oliveira

Florêncio

et al. 2017

JMEN

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“…Sexual transmission of ZIKV has been documented in areas with no mosquito vectors (54). Although the most recent information report that Zika can remain in semen longer than in other body fluids, including vaginal fluids, urine, and blood (88), the actual time window is not clear.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global epidemiology of Zika and Chikungunya virus human infections

et al. 2017

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Zika virus was discovered in 1947. The first reported case of Zika fever was in a sentinel rhesus monkey in Uganda in 1947, while the first human cases were reported in Nigeria in 1954. Since the first evidence of human infection, Zika was active in several countries in Africa and Asia, as sporadic cases and serological evidence of Zika human infections have been demonstrated in several reports. The outbreak of Zika in Yap Island in 2007 is considered the first emergency of this infection. Since then Zika has spread worldwide with a large ongoing epidemic in South and Central America. A huge concern nowadays is about the relationship between Zika infection and microcephaly and about the sexual transmission of the virus. The first identified outbreak of Chikungunya human infection, with an incidence estimated at 23%, was reported from July 1952 to March 1953 in the Southern Province of the current Tanzania. Since then Chikungunya circulated mainly in continental Africa with limited outbreaks. The virus started to spread east bound involving most of the areas surroundings the Indian Ocean. In 2004/2005 a large outbreak developed in La Reunion a French territory in the Indian Ocean: from this point Chikungunya spread to India and from there, due a viraemic traveller returning from Kerala, to Italy where in the summer of 2007 the first outbreak with local viral transmission in a temperate climate zone occurred. In the following years Chikungunya moved to the Caribbean and South America. Recently also the USA experienced the spread of this virus and a limited outbreak based again on local spreading occurred in the French Department of Var, in August 2017.

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“…Median patient age was 22.5 years (range = 19-55 years), and several women were pregnant. All cases occurred when the male partner was symptomatic or shortly after symptoms resolved, but further query will be needed that how long Zika virus persist in semen 27,28 . A Brazilian public health institute said active Zika virus has been detected in saliva and urine.…”

Section: Recent Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika Virus: A Global Threat

Fardows

Farhana

Siddique

2017

Anwer Khan Mod Med Coll J

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Zika virus is a enveloped, non-segmented, ichoshedral single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus. It belongs to the Flaviviridae and was first isolated in 1947 from a monkey in the Zika forest, Uganda, then in mosquitoes (Aedes africanus) in the same forest in 1948 and in a human in Nigeria in 1952. Before 2007, viral circulation and a few outbreaks were documented in tropical Africa and in some areas in Southeast Asia. In 2015, Zika viral disease outbreaks were reported in Brazil of South America for the first time and it is now considered as an emerging infectious disease. This ongoing outbreak of Zika virus that began in Brazil has spread too much of South and Central America (except Canada and Chile) and the Caribbean. According to the CDC, Brazilian health authorities reported more than 404 cases of microcephaly between October 2015 and January 2016. Seventeen of those cases have a confirmed link to the Zika virus. Its natural reservoir is yet to be unknown. Transmission mainly by mosquito Aedes aegypti but it can be transmitted from human to human by blood transfusion, saliva, urine and sexual contact. Most dangerous transmission is mother to fetus through placenta. Its actual pathogenesis is not clear but the pathogenesis of the virus is hypothesized to start with an infection of dendritic cells near the site of inoculation, followed by a spread to lymph nodes and the bloodstream Other than congenital malformation (microcephaly) disease symptoms are usually mild and short-lasting self-limiting febrile illness of 4-7 days duration without severe complications. No commercial diagnostic method against Zika virus are available. The virus constitutes an important public health threat in America and also worldwide as no effective treatment or vaccine is available till now. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the microcephaly condition, linked to the mosquito-borne virus, a global public health emergency.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 7, No. 2: Jul 2016, P 29-35

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Transmission of Zika Virus Through Sexual Contact with Travelers to Areas of Ongoing Transmission — Continental United States, 2016

Cited by 62 publications

References 6 publications

After all, How is the Zika Virus Transmitted?

After all, How is the Zika Virus Transmitted?

Global epidemiology of Zika and Chikungunya virus human infections

Zika Virus: A Global Threat

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