Transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2 infection: review of evidence

Falahi, Shahab; Kenarkoohi, Azra

doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100778

Cited by 45 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients have high SARS-CoV-2 viral load in their nasopharynx and trachea ( Baggio et al, 2020 ), which provides the required conditions for exhaled aerosols to carry the virus. There are conflicting evidences for airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 ( Falahi and Kenarkoohi, 2020 ). A study has detected SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA on the surface of an air vent, room air and corridor air in a COVID-19 ward (no patient cough was observed during sampling), and it is found that 63.2% of the samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2, and the concentration level reached 2420 RNA copies / m 3 ( Santarpia et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Influence Of Human-exhaled Aerosol On the Transmission Of Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

et al. 2021

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COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) is a severe respiratory syndrome currently causing a human global pandemic. The original virus, along with newer variants, is highly transmissible. Aerosol is a multiphase system consisting of the atmosphere with suspended solid and liquid particles, which can carry toxic and harmful substances; especially the liquid components. The degree to which aerosol can carry the virus and cause COVID-19 disease is of significant research importance. In this study, we have discussed the aerosol transmission as the pathway of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), and the aerosol pollution reduction as a consequence of the COVID-19 lockdown. The aerosol transmission routes of the SARS-CoV-2 can be further subdivided into proximal human-exhaled aerosol transmission and potentially more distal ambient aerosol transmission. The human-exhaled aerosol transmission is a direct dispersion of the SARS-CoV-2. The ambient aerosol transmission is an indirect dispersion of the SARS-CoV-2 in which the aerosol act as a carrier to spread the virus. This indirect dispersion can also stimulate the up-regulation of the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE-2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) and protease TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane Serine Protease 2), thereby increasing the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. From the aerosol quality data around the world, it can be seen that often atmospheric pollution has significantly decreased due to factors such as the reduction of traffic, industry, cooking and coal-burning emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown. The airborne transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2, the infectivity of the virus in ambient aerosols, and the reduction of aerosol pollution levels due to the lockdowns are crucial research subjects.

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Section: Influence Of Human-exhaled Aerosol On the Transmission Of Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

et al. 2021

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“…Direct transmission from person to person via aerosolized droplets and transmission from direct contact have been shown, and are widely regarded, as the main routes of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 [ 4 , 5 ]. Some concerns have arisen about potential virus transmission via food, food packaging and common food contact surfaces [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Coronaviruses Do Not Transfer Efficiently between Surfaces in the Absence of Organic Materials

Dallner

Harlow

Nasheri

2021

Viruses

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Human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, are known to spread mainly via close contact and respiratory droplets. However, other potential means of transmission may be present. Fomite-mediated transmission occurs when viruses are deposited onto a surface and then transfer to a subsequent individual. Surfaces can become contaminated directly from respiratory droplets or from a contaminated hand. Due to mask mandates in many countries around the world, the former is less likely. Hands can become contaminated if respiratory droplets are deposited on them (i.e., coughing or sneezing) or through contact with fecal material where human coronaviruses (HCoVs) can be shed. The focus of this paper is on whether human coronaviruses can transfer efficiently from contaminated hands to food or food contact surfaces. The surfaces chosen were: stainless steel, plastic, cucumber and apple. Transfer was first tested with cellular maintenance media and three viruses: two human coronaviruses, 229E and OC43, and murine norovirus-1, as a surrogate for human norovirus. There was no transfer for either of the human coronaviruses to any of the surfaces. Murine norovirus-1 did transfer to stainless steel, cucumber and apple, with transfer efficiencies of 9.19%, 5.95% and 0.329%, respectively. Human coronavirus OC43 transfer was then tested in the presence of fecal material, and transfer was observed for stainless steel (0.52%), cucumber (19.82%) and apple (15.51%) but not plastic. This study indicates that human coronaviruses do not transfer effectively from contaminated hands to contact surfaces without the presence of fecal material.

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“…SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable for several hours or days on surfaces, which is considered a transmission route, although apparently less significant than others ( Anelich et al, 2020 ; Chan et al, 2020 ; Chia et al, 2020 ; Colaneri et al, 2020 ; Doremalen et al, 2020 ; Falahi & Kenarkoohi, 2020 ; Guo et al, 2021 ; Leung, 2021 ; Marquès & Domingo, 2021 ). Regarding food products, the current consensus is that there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 may be transmitted by food, thus not representing a food safety risk ( Anelich et al, 2020 ; EFSA, 2020 ; WHO & FAO, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Are beliefs and attitudes about COVID-19 associated with self-perceived changes in food consumption? Results from a nationwide survey during lockdown

et al. 2022

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This study aimed to understand how beliefs and attitudes regarding COVID-19 are associated with self-perceived changes in food consumption during lockdown between March 19 and May 2, 2020. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic weighted sample of the Portuguese population. Data were collected using an online survey and telephone interviews. The association between agreement with sentences about food and COVID-19 and perceived changes in food consumption were assessed by multinomial logistic regression models. Overall, 5858 citizens were included, with a mean age of 38.2 (17.3) years. Exclusive agreement with the belief “SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by food” (27.5%) was associated with decreased odds of perceived positive changes (e.g., increased consumption of fruit and vegetables). Agreement only with the attitudinal sentence “I started to consume foods that may protect against COVID-19” (11.9%) was associated with positive perceived consumption changes (e.g., increasing fruit and vegetables, and decreasing soft drinks and snacks). Cumulative agreement (with both sentences; 10.6%) was also associated with mostly positive food consumption changes. Specific beliefs and attitudes regarding COVID-19 and food are associated with self-perceived changes in food consumption. Longitudinal research is needed to understand how beliefs and/or attitudes about the role of food in infectious diseases act as determinants of eating behavior modification.

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Transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2 infection: review of evidence

Cited by 45 publications

References 8 publications

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

Human Coronaviruses Do Not Transfer Efficiently between Surfaces in the Absence of Organic Materials

Are beliefs and attitudes about COVID-19 associated with self-perceived changes in food consumption? Results from a nationwide survey during lockdown

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