Transmission Studies on Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus

Önelge, N.; Satar, Serdar; Elibuyuk, O.; Bozan, Orhan; Kamberoolu, Muharrem

doi:10.5070/c54134f1xr

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…No effective management strategies have been found to counteract the deleterious impact of CYVCV, since the citrus host range is wide and insect vectors are common in citrus orchards. In addition to infecting most citrus species, cultivars, and hybrids, CYVCV has been reported to be transmitted to some non-citrus hosts, including wild grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ), common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ), common mallow ( Malva sylvestris ), quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ), and some other herbaceous species [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Origins of Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus California Isolates

Sun,

Yokomi

2024

Viruses

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The Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) causes a viral disease that has been reported in some citrus-growing regions in countries in Eurasia including Pakistan, India, Türkiye, Iran, China, and South Korea. Recently, CYVCV was detected in a localized urban area in a town in the middle of California’s citrus-growing region and marks the first occurrence of the virus in North America. CYVCV has been reported to be spread by aphid and whitefly vectors and is graft and mechanically transmitted. Hence, it is an invasive pathogen that presents a significant threat to the California citrus industry, especially lemons, which are highly symptomatic to CYVCV. To elucidate the origin of the CYVCV California strain, we used long-read sequencing technology and obtained the complete genomes of three California CYVCV isolates, CA1, CA2, and CA3. The sequences of these isolates exhibited intergenomic similarities ranging from 95.4% to 97.4% to 54 publicly available CYVCV genome sequences, which indicated a relatively low level of heterogeneity. However, CYVCV CA isolates formed a distinct clade from the other isolates when aligned against other CYVCV genomes and coat protein gene sequences as shown by the neighbor network analysis. Based on the rooted Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic trees, CYVCV CA isolates shared the most recent common ancestor with isolates from India/South Asia. Bayesian evolutionary inferences resulted in a spatiotemporal reconstruction, suggesting that the CYVCV CA lineage diverged from the Indian lineage possibly around 1995. This analysis placed the origin of all CYVCV to around 1990, with South Asia and/or Middle East as the most plausible geographic source, which matches to the first discovery of CYVCV in Pakistan in 1988. Moreover, the spatiotemporal phylogenetic analysis indicated an additional virus diffusion pathway: one from South Asia to China and South Korea. Collectively, our phylogenetic inferences offer insights into the probable dynamics of global CYVCV dissemination, emphasizing the need for citrus industries and regulatory agencies to closely monitor citrus commodities crossing state and international borders.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Origins of Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus California Isolates

Sun,

Yokomi

2024

Viruses

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“…Additionally, CYVCV has been reported to naturally infect grapevine in Türkiye ( Afloukou and Önelge, 2020 ), so it is necessary to confirm CYVCV infection in domestic grapevines. The virus can be transmitted by Aphids spiraecola , A. craccivora , and D. citri ( Önelge et al, 2011 ; Zhang et al, 2018 , 2019a ), which are common in Korea, so there is possibility that it could spread nationwide. Moreover, if a virus is transmitted by insect vectors, symptoms may not appear for up to 12 months ( Zhang et al, 2019a ) and may not be identified by observation depending on the susceptibility of the host, making it difficult to confirm the spread of the virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, if a virus is transmitted by insect vectors, symptoms may not appear for up to 12 months ( Zhang et al, 2019a ) and may not be identified by observation depending on the susceptibility of the host, making it difficult to confirm the spread of the virus. CYVCV, a phloem-limited virus, has been shown to be transmitted through sap ( Alshami et al, 2003 ; Önelge et al, 2011 ; Zhang et al, 2019b ), suggesting the possibility of rapid CYVCV spread. However, since pathological analysis of CYVCV isolates has not yet been conducted in Korea, additional investigations of symptoms, infection rates by mechanical, insect vector and major means of infection in domestic citrus hosts are needed to minimize the damage and prevent the spread of the virus caused by CYVCV in citrus-growing regions of Korea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virus-infected hosts showed venial yellowing, distortion on leaves, and venial water soaking on the underside of the leaves ( Liu et al, 2020 ). CYVCV is transmitted through Aphis spiraecola , A. craccivora , Dialeurodes citri , grafting, mechanical inoculation, and contaminated tools ( Önelge et al, 2011 ; Zhang et al, 2018 , 2019a , 2019b ). It has been reported to infect most citrus species, grapevine ( Vitis vinifera ) ( Afloukou and Önelge, 2020 ), herbaceous plants such as Phaseolus vulgaris var.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and Multiplex PCR Detection of Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus in Korea

Jin,

Kim,

Byun

et al. 2024

Plant Pathol J

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Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) is a member of the Alphaflexiviridae family that causes yellow vein clearing symptoms on citrus leaves. A total of 118 leaf samples from nine regions of six provinces in Korea were collected from various citrus species in 2020 and 2021. Viral diagnosis using next-generation sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) identified four viruses: citrus tristeza virus, citrus leaf blotch virus, citrus vein enation virus, and CYVCV. A CYVCV incidence of 9.3% was observed in six host plants, including calamansi, kumquat, Persian lime, and Eureka lemon. Among the citrus infected by CYVCV, only three samples showed a single infection; the other showed a mixed infection with other viruses. Eureka lemon and Persian lime exhibited yellow vein clearing, leaf distortion, and water-soak symptom underside of the leaves, while the other hosts showed only yellowing symptoms on the leaves. The complete genome sequences were obtained from five CYVCV isolates. Comparison of the isolates reported from the different geographical regions and hosts revealed the high sequence identity (95.2% to 98.8%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the five isolates from Korea were clustered into same clade but were not distinctly apart from isolates from China, Pakistan, India, and Türkiye. To develop an efficient diagnosis system for the four viruses, a simultaneous detection method was constructed using multiplex RT-PCR. Sensitivity evaluation, simplex RT-PCR, and stability testing were conducted to verify the multiplex RT-PCR system developed in this study. This information will be useful for developing effective disease management strategies for citrus growers in Korea.

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“…CYVCV can be transmitted through grafting and mechanical means and is naturally vectored by at least three aphids ( Aphis spiraecola, A. craccivora, and A. gossypii ) and the citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (11, 12). The initial report of yellow vein clearing disease was in lemon and sour orange in Pakistan in 1988 (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype grouping and bio-geographical analysis revealed the worldwide spatiotemporal spread ofCitrus yellow vein clearing virus

Sun,

Yokomi

2023

Preprint

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The Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) causes a viral disease that has been reported in specific citrus-growing regions in Euro-Asia including countries of Pakistan, India, Turkiye, Iran, China and south Korea. Recently, CYVCV was detected in a localized urban area in a town in heart of California's citrus-growing region and marks the first occurrence of the virus in North America. CYVCV is spread by aphid and whitefly vectors and is graft and mechanically transmitted. Hence, it is an invasive disease that presents a significant threat to the California citrus industry, especially lemons which are highly susceptible to CYVCV. To elucidate the origin of the CYVCV California strain, we used long-read sequencing technology and obtained the complete genomes of three California CYVCV isolates, CA1, CA2, and CA3. The sequences of these isolates exhibited intergenomic similarities ranging from 95.4% to 97.4% to 54 publicly available CYVCV genome sequences which indicated a relatively low level of heterogeneity. However, CYVCV CA isolates formed a distinct clade from the other isolates when aligned against other CYVCV genomes and coat protein gene sequences. Based on a rooted Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree, CYVCV CA isolates shared the most recent common ancestor with isolates from India. Further examination of 79 coat protein gene sequences collected over a 31-year period that spanned regions from East and South Asia to the Middle East and California, Bayesian evolutionary inferences resulted in a spatiotemporal reconstruction that placed the origin of all CYVCV to the 1930s, with South Asia as the most plausible geographic source. This analysis also suggested that CYVCV CA isolates diverged from Indian lineages, possibly around the 2010s. Moreover, the spatiotemporal phylogenetic analysis indicated two additional virus diffusion pathways: one from South Asia to East Asia and another from South Asia to the Middle East. Collectively, our phylogenetic inferences offer insights into the probable dynamics of global CYVCV dissemination, emphasizing the need for citrus industries and regulatory agencies to closely monitor citrus commodities crossing state and international borders.

show abstract

Transmission Studies on Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Genotype Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Origins of Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus California Isolates

Genotype Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Origins of Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus California Isolates

Occurrence and Multiplex PCR Detection of Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus in Korea

Genotype grouping and bio-geographical analysis revealed the worldwide spatiotemporal spread ofCitrus yellow vein clearing virus

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