Transnational Activism and Global Transformations: The Anti-Apartheid and Abolitionist Experiences

Klotz, Audie

doi:10.1177/1354066102008001002

Cited by 67 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Modern civil society can also both instigate and be the target of political action due to its function as an intermediary between states and their citizens (Brysk :16). Perhaps most importantly, civil society has become an increasingly transnational force in international politics, as its relevant norms and institutions “regulate a vast array of functions previously within the domain of nation‐states” (Klotz :49).…”

Section: Civil Society: a Look At The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Silencing the Opposition: The State v. Civil Society in India's Ganges River Basin

Schiff

2013

Int Stud Perspect

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India's Ganges River has suffered from massive amounts of pollution for decades, and despite numerous attempts, the Indian government has failed to clean up this historic water resource. This governance failure prompted the growth of civil society groups whose stated purposes included the mitigation of Ganges pollution and the empowerment of community‐based solutions. These types of groups, however, have not found sustained success in alleviating Ganges pollution, despite their compatibility with the constitutional decentralization of Indian water policy. A case study of one of these civil society organizations, the Sankat Mochan Foundation (SMF), serves as a first step in assessing the efficacy of this community‐based approach to Ganges pollution mitigation. From a broader perspective, the story of the SMF speaks to the difficulties inherent in environmental policy decentralization and to the struggles of norm creation and diffusion across societies. Indeed, this case is particularly instructive, as it exposes potential vulnerabilities in the literature regarding the role of civil society groups as norm entrepreneurs. Rather than allow for the democratization of water policy, as called for by the Indian constitution, the case of the SMF suggests the Indian government has entrenched centralization to the point of diffusing civil society opposition and ultimately compromising the overall impact of its resistance.

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Section: Civil Society: a Look At The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Silencing the Opposition: The State v. Civil Society in India's Ganges River Basin

Schiff

2013

Int Stud Perspect

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“…In this vein, Ewan Harrison (2004:10) noted that ''constructivism remains troubled by its failure to generate empirical research.'' As such, this is an incorrect assertion, given that scores of constructivist scholars have used ''empirical'' evidence to understand important processes in international politics (see, for example, Finnemore 1996Finnemore , 2003Hall 1999Hall , 2003Crawford 2002;Klotz 2002;Lowenheim 2003). In fact, some of the most compelling critiques of constructivism take it to task for being too grounded in an empirical ''reality'': it (constructivism) accepts as given a ''reality'' from which enquiry must start, a ''reality'' which reasonable people would presumably be able to recognize.…”

Section: Discoursing On An ''Us'' Idealist Constructivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liberal-Idealism: A Constructivist Critique

Steele

2007

Int Studies Review

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Recently, scholars have connected US constructivism to liberal‐idealism. International relations theorists have branded US constructivists as “liberal theorists” for three notable reasons: (1) realists apply an “idealist” tag on constructivism so that it can efficiently be dismissed as a form of theoretical naïvete, (2) rational choice empiricists are motivated with amending constructivist assumptions to make them viable for quantitative analysis; and (3) certain constructivist scholars have attempted to build bridges with rationalist scholarship, especially on epistemological terms, and this “bridge‐building” has opened a door for a liberal–constructivist synergy. This essay demonstrates how constructivism can, and must, be distinguished from liberalism. It uses the recent Iraq War to illustrate three constructivist critiques of an important liberal theory: democratic peace “theory.” The three critiques are (1) ontological—liberal democratic peace researchers' focus on events leads to an incomplete understanding of processes, structures, and agency; (2) epistemological—unlike constructivism, liberal democratic peace research fails to acknowledge the contamination of subject and object or that state agents use theory to inform their actions; thus the traditionally positivist emphasis on outcomes instead of processes makes for faulty conclusions; and (3) normative—liberalism's radical celebration of the individual desocializes states thereby inhibiting, in structurationist terms, the reflexive monitoring of actions. The essay concludes with some general theoretical statements about democratic peace's future as a paradigm for research.

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“…In other seminal study, Audie Klotz argues that transnational anti-apartheid activists have achieved to generate great power sanctions against South Africa. Particularly important, Klotz contends that this case represents a great example to the fact that norms, independent of material considerations, can be important factor in shaping state behavior (Klotz 1995(Klotz , 1999(Klotz , 2002. Keck and Sikkink"s Activists Beyond Borders is also a major study among the recent constructivist studies on norms and transnational activism.…”

Section: Transnational Actors and Theories Of International Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transnational Activism and World Politics

Erdem

2015

UİİİD

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Transnational activism has become increasingly salient dynamics of world politics in several issue areas including human rights, environment, development, women"s rights, and peace. The article first assesses how major International Relations theories look at them. While realist theories do not take them seriously, constructivism and sociological institutionalism underline the fact that transnational actors can matter in world politics. An important component of this study is that it assesses when, how, and under what conditions transnational actors can matter in international relations. Finally, the study examines areas in which transnational actors pose challenges for state-centric Westphalian international system while suggesting that they also suffer from notable limitations. In the end, the article calls for the existence of opportunities for further research. ULUSAŞIRI EYLEMCİLİK VE KÜRESEL SİYASET ÖZUlusaşırı eylemcilik son dönem dünya siyasetinin birçok alanında (insan hakları, çevre, kadın hakları, kalkınma ve barış vb.) giderek ivme kazanan bir dinamik haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma öncelikle belli başlı uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinin ulusaşırı eylemciliğe nasıl baktığını değerlendirmektedir. Realist teoriler bu aktörlerin etkinliği konusuna şüphe ile yaklaşırken inşacı ve sosyolojik kurumsalcı yaklaşımlar ulusaşırı aktörlerin dünya siyasetinde etkin bir rol alabileceklerine destek vermektedirler. Makalenin önemli kısmını ulusaşırı aktörlerin ne zaman, nasıl ve hangi koşullarda uluslararası ilişkilerin kayda değer bir unsuru olabileceklerine dair olan tartışma oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma, ulusaşırı aktörlerin devlet merkezli Vestfalyan uluslararası sisteme meydan okuduklarını belirtirken bu aktörlerin aynı zamanda önemli eksiklikler içerdiğini iddia etmektedir. Nihai olarak çalışma, ulusaşırı eylemcilik/aktör konusunun uluslararası ilişkiler araştırmacıları için önemli fırsatlar sunduğunu savunmaktadır.

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Transnational Activism and Global Transformations: The Anti-Apartheid and Abolitionist Experiences

Cited by 67 publications

References 43 publications

Silencing the Opposition: The State v. Civil Society in India's Ganges River Basin

Silencing the Opposition: The State v. Civil Society in India's Ganges River Basin

Liberal-Idealism: A Constructivist Critique

Transnational Activism and World Politics

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