Transparency film for demonstration of biaxial optics

The Poincaré-sphere approach to polarization: Formalism and new labs with Poincaré beams

“…[19][20][21] These patterns are widely used in geology for the optical characterization of minerals, 22 but they can easily be reproduced with cellophane, 23 plastics 24 and overhead transparencies. [25][26][27] Along the same lines, liquid crystals also provide a setting for understanding polarization and birefringence. [28][29][30] In this article we propose an experiment that focuses exclusively on the light: the generation and diagnosis of optical beams that have a state of polarization that varies from point to point in the transverse plane of the beam.…”

Conoscopic figure: a complex consequence of a not so simple phenomenon

“…The conoscopic figure studies the transition of light through crossed polarizers, therefore the sample is studied for one very specific situation, where χ π = 2. The equation (7) for this Figure 5. Two different graphical presentations of an elliptical state with the phase difference δ = °90 and the orientation of the vibration direction due to the incidence linear polarization φ = °120 measured as transmitted intensity (in percents) while rotating the analyser (χ).…”

“…In the new set-up the light is not absorbed in general. The mutually perpendicular polarizer and the because in this case the angle ψ corresponds to φ and the mentioned dependence can be seen from the equation (7). A photodiode and a voltmeter were used as the detector and a green laser as light emitter.…”

“…Conoscopic figures were discussed in [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The authors considered simple hands-on experiments that allowed for an observation of conoscopic figures of transparencies [7][8][9] and simple arrangements for observing conoscopic figures of crystals [10][11][12][13][14].…”

“…Conoscopic figures were discussed in [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The authors considered simple hands-on experiments that allowed for an observation of conoscopic figures of transparencies [7][8][9] and simple arrangements for observing conoscopic figures of crystals [10][11][12][13][14]. More details were given for a theoretical analysis of conoscopic figures [9,13,15] and propagation of electromagnetic waves through other anisotropic media [16,17].…”