Transport and regulative properties of phenylacetic acid

Procházka, Stanislav; Borkovec, V.

doi:10.1007/bf02898573

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Polar transport has been recognized as one of the fundamental characteristics of auxins, since IAA was first identified as a naturally occurring auxin that moves directionally, generates concentration gradients and promotes cell elongation in plant tissues. However, previous studies using exogenously applied PAA or 14 C-labeled PAA have suggested that PAA is another naturally occurring auxin but is not transported in a polar manner ( Haagen Smit and Went 1935 , Morris and Johnson 1987 , Procházka and Borkovec 1984 , Suttle and Mansager 1986 ). Here, we provide further evidence that endogenous IAA and PAA show distinct transport characteristics in maize coleoptiles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Active and polar auxin transport profiles of IAA have been demonstrated in various plant tissues; 14 C-labeled IAA is directionally transported in the stem segments of light-grown peas ( Morris and Johnson 1987 ), etiolated epicotyl segments of peas ( Procházka and Borkovec 1984 ) and petiole segments of cotton ( Suttle and Mansager 1986 ). On the other hand, the movement of 14 C-labeled PAA is limited and exhibits little, if any, polarity in the same plant tissues ( Procházka and Borkovec 1984 , Suttle and Mansager 1986 , Morris and Johnson 1987 ). Interestingly, a previous study reported that PAA inhibits the polar transport of 14 C-labeled IAA in intact plants and stem segments of peas ( Morris and Johnson 1987 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinct Characteristics of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Phenylacetic Acid, Two Common Auxins in Plants

et al. 2015

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The phytohormone auxin plays a central role in many aspects of plant growth and development. IAA is the most studied natural auxin that possesses the property of polar transport in plants. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) has also been recognized as a natural auxin for >40 years, but its role in plant growth and development remains unclear. In this study, we show that IAA and PAA have overlapping regulatory roles but distinct transport characteristics as auxins in plants. PAA is widely distributed in vascular and non-vascular plants. Although the biological activities of PAA are lower than those of IAA, the endogenous levels of PAA are much higher than those of IAA in various plant tissues in Arabidopsis. PAA and IAA can regulate the same set of auxin-responsive genes through the TIR1/AFB pathway in Arabidopsis. IAA actively forms concentration gradients in maize coleoptiles in response to gravitropic stimulation, whereas PAA does not, indicating that PAA is not actively transported in a polar manner. The induction of the YUCCA (YUC) genes increases PAA metabolite levels in Arabidopsis, indicating that YUC flavin-containing monooxygenases may play a role in PAA biosynthesis. Our results provide new insights into the regulation of plant growth and development by different types of auxins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Characteristics of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Phenylacetic Acid, Two Common Auxins in Plants

et al. 2015

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“…An important difference between IAA and PAA is that IAA is actively transported in a polar manner, but PAA is not. Unlike IAA, 14 C-labeled PAA does not display polar movement in various plant tissues (Prochazka and Borkovec 1984, Suttle and Mansager 1986, Morris and Johnson 1987. Moreover, IAA forms concentration gradients in maize coleoptiles in response to gravitropic stimulation, whereas PAA does not show these characteristics (Sugawara et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Previous studies indicate that there are four major differences between IAA and PAA in plants; (1) strength of biological activity, (2) endogenous concentration, (3) transport characteristics, and (4) cellular concentration change (Haagen Smit and Went 1935, Muir et al 1967, Wightman and Lighty 1982, Prochazka and Borkovec 1984, Suttle and Mansager 1986, Morris and Johnson 1987, Sugawara et al 2015. PAA generally shows much lower biological activity as an auxin than IAA, but it occurs at much higher concentrations than IAA in numerous plant species.…”

Section: Physiological Roles Of Paa In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agrobacterium tumefaciensEnhances Biosynthesis of Two Distinct Auxins in the Formation of Crown Galls

Mashiguchi

Hisano

Takeda-Kamiya

et al. 2018

Plant and Cell Physiology

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The plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants and introduces the transferred-DNA (T-DNA) region of the Ti-plasmid into nuclear DNA of host plants to induce the formation of tumors (crown galls). The T-DNA region carries iaaM and iaaH genes for synthesis of the plant hormone auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). It has been demonstrated that the iaaM gene encodes a tryptophan 2-monooxygenase which catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-acetamide (IAM), and the iaaH gene encodes an amidase for subsequent conversion of IAM to IAA. In this article, we demonstrate that A. tumefaciens enhances the production of both IAA and phenylacetic acid (PAA), another auxin which does not show polar transport characteristics, in the formation of crown galls. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy, we found that the endogenous levels of phenylacetamide (PAM) and PAA metabolites, as well as IAM and IAA metabolites, are remarkably increased in crown galls formed on the stem of tomato plants, implying that two distinct auxins are simultaneously synthesized via the IaaM-IaaH pathway. Moreover, we found that the induction of the iaaM gene dramatically elevated the levels of PAM, PAA and its metabolites, along with IAM, IAA and its metabolites, in Arabidopsis and barley. From these results, we conclude that A. tumefaciens enhances biosynthesis of two distinct auxins in the formation of crown galls.

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“…It is noteworthy, however, that PAA does not engage in polar auxin transport [ 7 , 16 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The labeled PAA transport assay using pea epicotyls revealed that the transport of PAA barely occurs in both the basipetal and acropetal directions [ 36 ]. PAA applied to the apical bud of intact pea plants did not move in the long-distance basipetal transport [ 38 ].…”

Section: Biological Function Of Paamentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, Function, and Biosynthesis of the Natural Auxin Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) in Plants

Perez

Zhao

Lin

et al. 2023

Plants

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Auxins are a class of plant hormones playing crucial roles in a plant’s growth, development, and stress responses. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a phenylalanine-derived natural auxin found widely in plants. Although the auxin activity of PAA in plants was identified several decades ago, PAA homeostasis and its function remain poorly understood, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most potent auxin, has been used for most auxin studies. Recent studies have revealed unique features of PAA distinctive from IAA, and the enzymes and intermediates of the PAA biosynthesis pathway have been identified. Here, we summarize the occurrence and function of PAA in plants and highlight the recent progress made in PAA homeostasis, emphasizing PAA biosynthesis and crosstalk between IAA and PAA homeostasis.

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Transport and regulative properties of phenylacetic acid

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Distinct Characteristics of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Phenylacetic Acid, Two Common Auxins in Plants

Distinct Characteristics of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Phenylacetic Acid, Two Common Auxins in Plants

Agrobacterium tumefaciensEnhances Biosynthesis of Two Distinct Auxins in the Formation of Crown Galls

Occurrence, Function, and Biosynthesis of the Natural Auxin Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) in Plants

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