Transport of the Tumen River water to the Far Eastern Marine Reserve (Posyet Bay) based on in situ, satellite data and Lagrangian modeling using ROMS current velocity output

Variations and Depth of Formation of Submesoscale Eddy Structures in Satellite Ocean Color Data in the Southwestern Region of the Peter the Great Bay

“…The studies were carried out in the southwestern part of the Peter the Great Bay (Figure 1) in the area of active eddy generation [21,33], where the formation of submesoscale eddies is occasionally observed, carrying Tumen River waters in the northeastern direction [6,34]. This determines the relevance and importance of research in this region, because the Tumen River is one of the major rivers of the Japan/East Sea and may be a source of pollutants [35][36][37][38][39], or, at least, it may bring freshened waters with increased content of CDOM and SS into marine ecosystems.…”

“…This determines the relevance and importance of research in this region, because the Tumen River is one of the major rivers of the Japan/East Sea and may be a source of pollutants [35][36][37][38][39], or, at least, it may bring freshened waters with increased content of CDOM and SS into marine ecosystems. This is considered as one of the causes of hypoxia in the study area [40,41] and as a potential factor impacting the ecosystems of the Far Eastern Marine Reserve [6].…”

“…The studies were conducted using MODIS-Aqua/Terra satellite data for 31 August, 1 September, 2 September, and 4 September 2009 (Figure 2). During this period, the formation of a series of submesoscale eddies with sizes ranging from 3 to 10 km was observed [6]. The movement of these eddies in the northeastern direction was determined.…”

“…The movement of these eddies in the northeastern direction was determined. On 1-2 September 2009, several high-quality satellite images were obtained, which revealed that the investigated eddies were cyclonic in nature [6].…”

“…In such eddies, the centrifugal force can exceed the Coriolis force in magnitude, leading to high vertical velocities in their cores (10-100 m/day), small horizontal sizes from 100 m to 10 km, and lifetimes from a few hours to a few days [1,2]. Submesoscale eddies are an important factor in the functioning of marine ecosystems [3,4], the transport and mixing of substances [5,6], and heat fluxes [7,8]. In addition, accurately quantifying submesoscale eddies can be helpful in increasing the accuracy of ocean applications, such as oil spills [9] and iceberg detection [10].…”