Transport policies in polycentric cities

Model for the Evaluation of Urban Transport Policies and Their Interaction with the Housing Market

“…In addition, users’ choice can be extended to include uncertainty with respect to travel time. This applies for roads, where congestion reduces reliability of travel time, and public transport, where the operator is managing perturbations that produce uncertainties ( 28 ). The sub-model of the housing market could be based on a better formulation that would include the amount of existing land and would distinguish between supply by renovating buildings or by constructing taller buildings.…”

“…This is expected to reduce the levels of congestion and emissions of pollutant gases (greenhouse gases and fine particulates). For economists, road pricing is an effective tool ( 26 – 28 ), and several cities, including London, Oslo, Singapore, and Hong Kong have already implemented road pricing schemes, but several other attempts have been abandoned because of strong opposition from users ( 29 ). The acceptability of pricing may depend on how toll revenues are used ( 30 ); however, the acceptability issue is not addressed in this study.…”