Transport proteins of the ABC systems superfamily and their role in drug action and resistance in nematodes

Effects of third generation P-glycoprotein inhibitors on the sensitivity of drug-resistant and -susceptible isolates of Haemonchus contortus to anthelmintics in vitro

“…Nematodes possess many more P-gp genes than mammals (Ardelli, 2013). The properties of nematode efflux pumps may be quite different to those in mammals.…”

Gene expression of ABC transporters in Cooperia oncophora after field and laboratory selection with macrocyclic lactones

“…Reduced susceptibility to ML is reported to be associated with changes in ABC transport genes in several parasitic nematodes [11][12][13]15]. The ABC transporter genes investigated in this study were chosen based on the finding made by De Graef et al [15] that adult resistant C. oncophora worms had acquired the ability to up-regulate Con-pgp11 and Con-pgp12 after exposure to ML in vivo.…”

“…Functional analysis of C. elegans pgp1, pgp3 and mrp1 indicates a protective role against heavy metal ions, as well as cadmium and arsenic and the chemical compounds colchicine and chloroquine [9,10]. In parasitic nematodes, the number of ABC genes identified continues to increase [11]. One of the most studied GIN of ruminants is the abomasal nematode Haemonchus contortus of sheep and in that species nine P-gp genes, one HAF gene and two MRP genes, have been described [12].…”

“…Although ABC transport proteins are suggested to be involved in the molecular mechanism of AR in parasitic nematodes [11], their specific role in different species often remains unknown. Ivermectin (IVM), a member of the ML drug class, is an excellent substrate for mammalian P-gp, but is poorly transported and thus exerts an inhibitory effect on the transport activity [16].…”

Is chemosensitisation by environmental pollutants ecotoxicologically relevant?

“…Many more studies were conducted on the efflux of chemicals from cells via certain ABC transporters, a cellular mechanism present in a large taxonomic variety of aquatic organisms (Annilo et al, 2006;Ardelli, 2013;Bard, 2000;Dermauw & Van Leeuwen, 2014;Ferreira, Costa, & ReisHenriques, 2014;Sturm, Cunningham, & Dean, 2009). It relies on membrane-bound proteins which transport a wide-range of toxicants from the intra-cellular to the extra-cellular phase by consuming energy and thereby reducing the toxicant's net uptake.…”