“…These, meanwhile, are comparable to the inverse of the instability growth rates and are O(10 −1 ) shorter than those of resistive/collisionless tearing instabilities [12,13,14]. The complexities of nonlinear wave and charged-particle dynamics with at least O(10 3 ) separation of spatial and temporal scales in nonuniform plasmas with complicated magnetic field geometries, thus, naturally demand the employment of numerical simulations as a powerful tool for understanding the observations, extracting the underlying physics mechanisms, and predicting the future performances [6,15]. Most of the existing simulation models are based on the so-called magnetohydrodynamic fluid approximation, which can not adequately address the kinetic physics such as enhanced space-charge separation at the microscopic ρ i scale and wave-particle interactions.…”