Transport via xylem and accumulation of aflatoxin in seeds of groundnut plant

Snigdha, M.; Hariprasad, P.; Venkateswaran, G.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.033

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Fungal growth is also affected by the landform, soil types, and its properties, as well as interactions between the microfungus and micro-and macro-organisms in the soil [18,19]. Mycotoxins in the soil can be absorbed by plant roots and transported via the xylem to plant tissues [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Mycotoxins and Microfungi in Spices in the Light of the Last Five Years

Pickova

Ostrý

Malir

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Spices are imported worldwide mainly from developing countries with tropical and/or subtropical climate. Local conditions, such as high temperature, heavy rainfall, and humidity, promote fungal growth leading to increased occurrence of mycotoxins in spices. Moreover, the lack of good agricultural practice (GAP), good manufacturing practice (GMP), and good hygienic practice (GHP) in developing countries are of great concern. This review summarizes recent data from a total of 56 original papers dealing with mycotoxins and microfungi in various spices in the last five years. A total of 38 kinds of spices, 17 mycotoxins, and 14 microfungi are discussed in the review. Worldwide, spices are rather overlooked in terms of mycotoxin regulations, which usually only cover aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA). In this paper, an extensive attention is devoted to the limits on mycotoxins in spices in the context of the European Union (EU) as well as other countries. As proven in this review, the incidence of AFs and OTA, as well as other mycotoxins, is relatively high in many spices; thus, the preparation of new regulation limits is advisable.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Mycotoxins and Microfungi in Spices in the Light of the Last Five Years

Pickova

Ostrý

Malir

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…AFs taken up through plant roots can be accumulated, transported to other tissues (e.g., in groundnut seedlings; Hariprasad et al, 2015;Snigdha et al, 2015), degraded, metabolized, or masked, or can be diffused back to the medium (e.g., in maize; Mertz et al, 1980). Various fungi can inhibit AF accumulation.…”

Section: Sterigmatocystin/aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota

et al. 2020

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Species of the highly diverse fungal genus Aspergillus are well-known agricultural pests, and, most importantly, producers of various mycotoxins threatening food safety worldwide. Mycotoxins are studied predominantly from the perspectives of human and livestock health. Meanwhile, their roles are far less known in nature. However, to understand the factors behind mycotoxin production, the roles of the toxins of Aspergilli must be understood from a complex ecological perspective, taking mold-plant, mold-microbe, and mold-animal interactions into account. The Aspergilli may switch between saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and the production of secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins, may vary according to these fungal ways of life. Recent studies highlighted the complex ecological network of soil microbiotas determining the niches that Aspergilli can fill in. Interactions with the soil microbiota and soil macro-organisms determine the role of secondary metabolite production to a great extent. While, upon infection of plants, metabolic communication including fungal secondary metabolites like aflatoxins, gliotoxin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, and ochratoxin, influences the fate of both the invader and the host. In this review, the role of mycotoxin producing Aspergillus species and their interactions in the ecosystem are discussed. We intend to highlight the complexity of the roles of the main toxic secondary metabolites as well as their fate in natural environments and agriculture, a field that still has important knowledge gaps.

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“…(Proctor et al ., 2002; Wenderoth et al ., 2019; Wipfler et al ., 2019). At the same time, growing evidence shows that most mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin, citrinin and fumonisins, can be absorbed by roots and translocated to above‐ground organs, as noted in asymptomatic Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Asparagus officinalis (asparagus), Coffea arabica (coffee), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Oryza sativa (rice), Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) and Zea mays (maize) crops (Mertz et al ., 1980; Llewellyn et al ., 1982; Walker et al ., 1984; Snigdha et al ., 2015; Hariprasad et al ., 2015). More recently, the uptake, biotransformation and distribution of zearalenone, DON, T2 toxin and HT‐2 toxin in different plant organs was demonstrated in healthy maize and Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants, confirming that the biochemical response of plants is also activated in the absence of an actual fungal infection (Righetti et al ., 2017; Rolli et al ., 2018; Righetti et al ., 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the spatial distribution of aflatoxin B1 and plant defense metabolites in maize using AP‐SMALDI mass spectrometry imaging

et al. 2021

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SUMMARY In order to cope with the presence of unfavorable compounds, plants can biotransform xenobiotics, translocate both parent compounds and metabolites, and perform compartmentation and segregation at the cellular or tissue level. Such a scenario also applies to mycotoxins, fungal secondary metabolites with a pre‐eminent role in plant infection. In this work, we aimed to describe the effect of the interplay between Zea mays (maize) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at the tissue and organ level. To address this challenge, we used atmospheric pressure scanning microprobe matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AP‐SMALDI MSI) to investigate the biotransformation, localization and subsequent effects of AFB1 on primary and secondary metabolism of healthy maize plants, both in situ and from a metabolomics standpoint. High spatial resolution (5 µm) provided fine localization of AFB1, which was located within the root intercellular spaces, and co‐localized with its phase‐I metabolite aflatoxin M2. We provided a parallel visualization of maize metabolic changes, induced in different organs and tissues by an accumulation of AFB1. According to our untargeted metabolomics investigation, anthocyanin biosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism in roots are most affected. The biosynthesis of these metabolites appears to be inhibited by AFB1 accumulation. On the other hand, metabolites found in above‐ground organs suggest that the presence of AFB1 may also activate the biochemical response in the absence of an actual fungal infection; indeed, several plant secondary metabolites known for their antimicrobial or antioxidant activities were localized in the outer tissues, such as phenylpropanoids, benzoxazinoids, phytohormones and lipids.

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Transport via xylem and accumulation of aflatoxin in seeds of groundnut plant

Cited by 17 publications

References 30 publications

A Review on Mycotoxins and Microfungi in Spices in the Light of the Last Five Years

A Review on Mycotoxins and Microfungi in Spices in the Light of the Last Five Years

The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota

Unveiling the spatial distribution of aflatoxin B1 and plant defense metabolites in maize using AP‐SMALDI mass spectrometry imaging

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