“…For example, this process of transfixation can be applied to the morphological root d-r-s , which relates to a core meaning of “learning,” to create a number of different, semantically related words, such as درس ( drs , lesson ; morphological root letters are underlined here and in the examples below), يدرس (y drs , study ), دارس ( d A rs , student ), مدرّس (m dr ~ s , teacher ), and مدرسة (m drs p, school ). There are a number of indications that the morphological root is an especially salient representational unit in Arabic lexical processing generally (see, for example, Boudelaa & Marslen-Wilson, 2005, 2011, 2015) and that this morphological structure influences form-level activation among Arabic words in particular (Boudelaa et al, 2019; Frost et al, 2005; Perea et al, 2010, 2014). Specifically, in a lexical decision task, Frost and colleagues (2005) found reliable masked priming effects in Arabic when the prime and target had the same morphological root and differed only in terms of the letters associated with their phonological patterns (شريف $r y f , noble —اشرف A $rf , nobler ; for similar findings, see Perea et al, 2013).…”