Research Focus -NOTES is a new technique that faces numerous challenges. Current technology, training and research activities are conducted to make it a safe and effective minimal access technique.Research Methods Used -This chapter is based on the current evidence of published NOTES studies. Medline search is conducted through November to December , including English literatures only. The search words are NOTES, natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery, hybrid NOTES and hybrid natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery additional search words are specific for the titles like NOTES gastric, NOTES oesophageal, NOTES biliary, NOTES cholecystectomy, NOTES pancreatic, NOTES small bowel, NOTES colorectal and NOTES appendicectomy. "nimal and human studies are selected after . Small studies are excluded unless they report a novel approach or a new procedure.Results/Findings of the Research -There is development in the technology by installing new platforms, instruments and closure devices to add more safety and security. There is also development in training and research activities across the continents a number of NOTES procedures are performed safely on human beings including cholecystectomy, appendicectomy, peritoneoscopy, POEM and other procedures. Feasibility studies are conducted on animal and human cadaver models including numbers of complex procedures.Main Conclusions and Recommendations -NOTES is evolving and gaining popularity. The growth rate however is slowed by challenges of the need for an ideal working platform and closure devices that are easy to use, cheap and time effective, in addition to the dedicated effective training.