Transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonography of the uterine cervix during pregnancy

Andersen, H. Frank

doi:10.1002/jcu.1870190204

Cited by 176 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Results of other studies are more variable: some found that cervical length did not change during pregnancy 12 , others found a continuous decrease from 10 to 40 weeks 13 or from 17 to 37 weeks 20 , while others still 14 reported that the cervix became longer between 8 and 25 weeks and then shortened. In most studies cervical length did not differ between nulliparous and parous women 13,14,20,28,29 , however in some the cervix was longer in parous women 17,18 . The discrepant results may be explained by differences in measurement technique, study design, the period in gestation studied, the statistical methods used, and the interpretation of the results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Reference data representative of normal findings at two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional gray‐scale ultrasound examination of the cervix from 17 to 41 weeks' gestation

Rovas

Sladkevicius

Strobel

et al. 2005

Ultrasound in Obstet & Gyne

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Objectives To create reference values representative of normal findings on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) examination of the cervix from 17 to 41 weeks' gestation and to determine the agreement between cervical measurements taken by 2D and 3D TVS. Methods results was expressed as the mean (± 2 SDs) difference between the results of the two methods and as the interclass correlation coefficient (inter-CC).Results There was excellent agreement between measurements taken by 3.9 (range, 1.0-6.1) cm, 3.0 (range, 0.4-5.7) cm and 0.8 (range, 0.4-3.4 17-30 weeks to 3.5 (range, 1.8-5.5) cm at 31-40 weeks and to 4.0 (range, 2.8-5.9) cm at 41 weeks. Cervical width was 3.7 (range, 2.3-6.0) cm at 17-30 weeks and 4.5 (range, 2.3-6.1) ) cm (results obtained by 3D ultrasound). Cervical AP diameter and width did not differ between nulliparous and parous women. Median AP diameter increased from 3.0 (range, 2.0-4.6) cm at

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Reference data representative of normal findings at two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional gray‐scale ultrasound examination of the cervix from 17 to 41 weeks' gestation

Rovas

Sladkevicius

Strobel

et al. 2005

Ultrasound in Obstet & Gyne

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“…Cervical assessment can also be carried out by transabdominal and transperineal sonography and these alternative routes may be more acceptable to some women. However, transabdominal sonography fails to visualize the cervix in a high proportion of cases and in particular those with a short cervix [3][4][5][6] . Furthermore, successful visualization by transabdominal sonography requires a full bladder which falsely increases cervical length.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical length at 22–24 weeks of gestation: comparison of transvaginal and transperineal‐translabial ultrasonography

Cicero

Skentou

Souka

et al. 2001

Ultrasound in Obstet & Gyne

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“…The probable explanation of the TAS measurement being longer than that of the TVS lies in the fact that bladder filling causes an increase in cervical length. A number of studies have established the fact that, although a variable degree of bladder filling has an advantage of improving the visualisation of the cervix in pregnant patients by TAS, it causes artificial lengthening of the cervix (7,9,11,12). This may be explained by the fact that the endocervical mucosa cannot be clearly recognised by TAS (in contrast with TVS where the endocervical mucosa can be recognised clearly) and the internal os is falsely thought to be at a higher level than it actually is in reality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is transabdominal ultrasound scanning of cervical measurement in mid-trimester pregnancy a useful alternative to transvaginal ultrasound scan?

Chaudhury¹,

Ghosh²,

Halder³

et al. 2013

J Turkish German Gynecol Assoc

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Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the correlation between transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound measurements of the cervix in pregnancy. If transabdominal ultrasound measurement of cervical length is found to provide effective information, it could be used in patient counselling and when making clinical decisions. Material and Methods:One hundred and twenty seven pregnant patients between 18-26 weeks of pregnancy were enrolled in this prospective study for measuring cervical length, both by transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound scan after bladder emptying. Transabdominal and transvaginal measurements were compared and correlated. Results:In patients with transvaginal ultrasound scan (TVS) cervical length ≤32 mm, TVS cervical length was found to be shorter than by transabdominal ultrasound scan (TAS). Most of these patients needed >3 cm of vertical pocket of urine in the bladder for adequate visualisation of the cervix. In patients with TVS cervical length >32 mm, the TVS measurement of the cervix was longer than the TAS measurement of the cervix. In these patients, the cervix could be seen by TAS when there was either ≤3 cm vertical pocket of urine in the bladder or an empty bladder. Statistical tests showed that there is a significant difference between TAS and TVS cervical measurements and that there is a significant association between these two measurements. Conclusion:Most of the patients needed variable degrees of bladder filling for adequate visualisation of the cervix. Although minimal bladder filling does not influence TAS measurements of cervical length, moderate fullness of the bladder does cause an apparent increase in TAS measurements of cervical length. If the cervical length is ≥30 mm by TAS, regardless of urine content in the bladder, the patient can be assured vis a vis their risk of preterm labour as far as cervical length is concerned. However, in patients with TAS cervical measurement <30 mm and where the bladder needed a moderate amount of urine for adequate visualisation of the cervix, TVS cervical measurement may be close to the critical value of 25 mm. These patients need to be counselled and offered TVS for better assessment of cervical length. (J Turkish-German Gynecol Assoc 2013; 14: 225-9) Key words: Cervical length, transabdominal sonography, transvaginal sonography Received: 10 July, 2013 Accepted: Sonuç:Hastaların çoğunda serviksin yeterli görüntülenmesi için çe-şitli derecelerde mesane dolumu gerekliydi. Minimal mesane dolumunun servikal uzunluk TAS ölçümlerini etkilememesine rağmen, mesanenin orta derece dolgunluğu servikal uzunluk TAS ölçümlerin-de belirgin bir artışa neden olmaktadır. Servikal uzunluk TAS ile ≥30 mm ise, mesanedeki idrar içeriğine bakmaksızın, servikal uzunluk söz konusu olduğu sürece hastanın erken doğum riski ile karşı karşıya olduğundan emin olunabilir. Bununla birlikte, TAS serviks ölçü-mü <30 mm olan hastalarda ve serviksin yeterli görüntülenmesi için mesanede orta derecede idrar miktar gerekli olduğunda, TVS servikal ölçümü 25 ...

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Transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonography of the uterine cervix during pregnancy

Cited by 176 publications

References 12 publications

Reference data representative of normal findings at two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional gray‐scale ultrasound examination of the cervix from 17 to 41 weeks' gestation

Reference data representative of normal findings at two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional gray‐scale ultrasound examination of the cervix from 17 to 41 weeks' gestation

Cervical length at 22–24 weeks of gestation: comparison of transvaginal and transperineal‐translabial ultrasonography

Is transabdominal ultrasound scanning of cervical measurement in mid-trimester pregnancy a useful alternative to transvaginal ultrasound scan?

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