Transverse limb reduction and intrauterine device: Case report and review of the literature

Weissmann-Brenner, Alina; Lerner, Asaf; Peleg, David

doi:10.1080/13625180701393611

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Many women terminate the pregnancy on conception with an IUD; however, there have been reports of term pregnancies with an IUD still in situ. Although there are a few case reports of limb reduction defects in pregnancies where a woman had a Cu IUD in place [200], large‐scale studies have concluded that the Cu IUD does not increase the incidence of developmental defects [201]. Consistent with the human data, in experimental studies, exposing multiple species of embryos to Cu IUD has not been reported to result in direct teratogenic effects with respect to gross malformations, although modest reductions in growth have been noted [202, 203].…”

Section: Copper Toxicity and Developmental Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of copper on early development: Prenatal and postnatal considerations

et al. 2010

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Copper (Cu) is an essential nutrient whose requirement is increased during pregnancy and lactation. These represent times of critical growth and development, and the fetus and neonate are particularly vulnerable to deficiencies of this nutrient. Genetic mutations that predispose the offspring to inadequate stores of Cu can be life threatening as is observed in children with Menkes disease. During the last decade, severe Cu deficiency, once thought to be a rare condition, has been reported in the literature at an increasing frequency. Secondary Cu deficiencies can be induced by a variety of ways such as excessive zinc or iron intake, certain drugs, and bariatric surgery. Premature and low birth weight infants can be born with low Cu stores. A number of mechanisms can contribute to the teratogenicity of Cu including decreased activity of select cuproenzymes, increased oxidative stress, decreased nitric oxide availability, altered iron metabolism, abnormal extracellular matrix protein crosslinking, decreased angiogenesis and altered cell signaling among others. The brain, heart, and vessels as well as tissues such as lung, skin and hair, and systems including the skeletal, immune, and blood systems, are negatively affected by suboptimal Cu during development. Additionally, persistent structural, biochemical, and functional adverse effects in the offspring are noted even when Cu supplementation is initiated after birth, supporting the concept that adequate Cu nutriture during pregnancy and lactation is critical for normal development. Although Cu-containing IUDs are an effective method for increasing intrauterine Cu concentrations and for reducing the risk of pregnancy, high amounts of dietary Cu are not thought to represent a direct developmental risk.

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Section: Copper Toxicity and Developmental Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of copper on early development: Prenatal and postnatal considerations

et al. 2010

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“…Transverse limb defects were also found to be associated with low intake of dietary riboflavin 17. The use of an intrauterine contraceptive device has also been implicated in a case of transverse limb reduction defect 18…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%