Trap Density Determination by Space-Charge-Limited Currents

Bube, Richard H.

doi:10.1063/1.1728818

Cited by 735 publications

(533 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Figure 8 shows the typical dark J–V characteristics of electron-only devices with the perovskite film annealed at 100 and 130 °C. The trap densities were estimated by the space charge–limited current (SCLC) model [40]. The linear region at low bias corresponds to the ohmic response.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient and Stable MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell Induced by Regulated Nucleation and Ostwald Recrystallization

Huang

Wang

et al. 2018

Materials

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Perovskite solar cells have attracted great attention in recent years, due to their high conversion efficiency and solution-processable fabrication. However, most of the solar cells with high efficiency in the literature are prepared employing TiO2 as electron transport material, which needs sintering at a temperature higher than 450 °C, and is not applicable to flexible device and low-cost fabrication. Herein, the MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells are fabricated at a low temperature of 150 °C with SnO2 as the electron transport layer. By dropping the antisolvent of ethyl acetate onto the perovskite precursor films during the spin coating process, compact MAPbI3 films without pinholes are obtained. The addition of ethyl acetate is found to play an important role in regulating the nucleation, which subsequently improves the compactness of the film. The quality of MAPbI3 films are further improved significantly through Ostwald recrystallization by optimizing the thermal treatment. The crystallinity is enhanced, the grain size is enlarged, and the defect density is reduced. Accordingly, the prepared MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell exhibits a record-high conversion efficiency, outstanding reproducibility, and stability, owing to the reduced electron recombination. The average and best efficiency reaches 19.2% and 20.3%, respectively. The device without encapsulation maintains 94% of the original efficiency after storage in ambient air for 600 h.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient and Stable MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell Induced by Regulated Nucleation and Ostwald Recrystallization

Huang

Wang

et al. 2018

Materials

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“…The trap-state density was determined by the trapfilled limit voltage using equation [37] 2 t 0 r TFL 2 Sci.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/advs201800793mentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Crystallization Kinetics for Efficient and Stable Low‐Dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (LDRP) Lead‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2018

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Low‐dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (LDRP) lead‐free perovskite has great potential due to its improved stability and oriented crystal growth, which is mainly attributed to the effective control of crystallization kinetics. However, the crystallization kinetics of LDRP lead‐free perovskite films are highly limited by Lewis theory. Here, the management of the crystallization kinetics of LDRP tin (Sn) perovskite films jointly controlled by Lewis adducts and the ion exchange process using a mixture of polar aprotic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ion liquid solvent methylammonium acetate (MAAc) (the process named as “L‐I”) is demonstrated. Homogeneous nucleated LDRP Sn perovskite films with average grain size close to 9 µm are achieved. Both low electron and hole defect density with a magnitude of 1016, high carrier mobility, and excellent electrical performance are obtained. As a result, the LDRP Sn perovskite solar cell (PSC) with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.03% is achieved using a simple one‐step method without antisolvents, which is one of the best LDRP Sn PSCs. Most importantly, the PSC exhibits excellent stability with no degradation in PCE after 94 d in a nitrogen atmosphere owing to the high‐quality film and the inhibition of the oxidation of Sn2+.

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“…Moreover it represents a straightforward tool to prove the consistency of the experi- mental results with the simple Mott-Gurney discrete trap SCLC model and to exclude any misinterpretation of the data, such as assigning the square-law dependence to a discrete trap level instead of a monotonously increasing slope, 10 followed by double injection effects. 9,23,24 In the framework of the SCLC analysis, using the zerotemperature statistic, it is possible to estimate the parameters of an arbitrary distribution of traps, knowing the function describing the distribution h͑E F ͒…”

Section: Space-charge-limited Current Differential Method: the Dismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bulk electrical properties of rubrene single crystals: Measurements and analysis

et al. 2008

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Rubrene single crystals with well-developed ͑100͒ faces extending along the ͓010͔ direction were equipped with two planar gold electrodes deposited under low thermal load on the same crystal surface. The currentvoltage curves measured on crystals with various thicknesses were analyzed by means of the space-chargelimited current model. In all cases, the curves present a clear trap-filled transition that allows extracting the trap-free mobility along the b axis. Working in a gap-type geometry and by comparing the mobility calculated from the Geurst two-dimensional and Mott-Gurney three-dimensional models, a clear 2D to 3D transition is established for a thickness that roughly corresponds to half the distance between the two electrodes. Further quantitative analysis of the data with a differential method leads to the conclusion that charge-transport properties at room temperature are affected by a discrete trap level pointing at 0.48Ϯ 0.02 eV above the valence band.

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Trap Density Determination by Space-Charge-Limited Currents

Cited by 735 publications

References 6 publications

Highly Efficient and Stable MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell Induced by Regulated Nucleation and Ostwald Recrystallization

Highly Efficient and Stable MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell Induced by Regulated Nucleation and Ostwald Recrystallization

Management of Crystallization Kinetics for Efficient and Stable Low‐Dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (LDRP) Lead‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells

Bulk electrical properties of rubrene single crystals: Measurements and analysis

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