“…So far the mechanisms of RS, which are related to some important scientific issues and also significant for applications of RS, have not been solved . Diverse mechanisms have been proposed to explain the observed RS effect, including formation/rupture of conducting filaments, − alteration of Schottky barrier, and trapping/detrapping of charge carriers . Among them, the conducting filament model is the most extensive and popular one, which involves unique physics, including nonequilibrium steady states and strongly interacting electrons. , Rich and interesting phenomena, such as conductance quantization, , magnetoresistance, and superconductivity, have been shown because of the various types of filaments.…”