Trauma and Affects

Krystal, Henry

doi:10.1080/00797308.1978.11822973

Cited by 292 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…For example, people other than parents, such as grandparents, siblings, teachers and peers also seem important for the emotional development of children [65], but there are almost no empirical data available on this subject. On clinical and theoretical grounds, Krystal [4, 66]hypothesized that alexithymia may be the result of traumatic experiences later in life, which were perceived as catastrophic. There is some empirical support for this hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Adversities as Risk Factors for Alexithymia and Other Aspects of Affect Dysregulation in Adulthood

Kooiman

Vellinga²,

Spinhoven³

et al. 2004

Psychother Psychosom

117

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Background: Affect regulation is assumed to be a biologically based function that can become disrupted by inadequate parenting and by traumatic experiences. We studied the relation between the perceived parental parenting style, and sexual and physical abuse, with alexithymia, dissociation, anxiety and depression. Methods: In a cross-sectional study psychiatric outpatients were administered a structured interview on childhood physical and sexual abuse and they completed a number of questionnaires about the parenting styles of their parents, and about alexithymia, dissociation and mood pathology. Results: Maternal and paternal parenting styles were moderately correlated with alexithymia and depression. The paternal parenting style was also correlated with dissociation. Optimal parenting of one of the parents had a buffering effect on the degree of alexithymia, but not on the severity of other forms of affect dysregulation. The effect of sexual or physical abuse did not add to that of parental parenting style in terms of predicting affect dysregulation. However, a positively perceived maternal parenting style was found to have a buffering effect in terms of the degree of alexithymia, if sexual abuse had also taken place. Conclusions: Perceived parenting does appear to be of some significance in the development of alexithymia. Optimal parenting of one of the parents may protect against the development of alexithymia when the parenting of the other parent is perceived as non-optimal. However, it is likely that other factors besides parental care and sexual or physical abuse play an important role in the development of an adequate affect regulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Adversities as Risk Factors for Alexithymia and Other Aspects of Affect Dysregulation in Adulthood

Kooiman

Vellinga²,

Spinhoven³

et al. 2004

Psychother Psychosom

117

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“…Experience with severely alexithymic analysands who have courageously pursued their analysis for a number of years leads me to say that this absence o f affect results from a constant attack upon both the psychic and the somatic pole of the awareness of affective pain -and an equally violent struggle is also maintained against experiencing emotional pleasure. Krystal [1978aKrystal [ , b, 1980 named this latter symptom anhedonia and has studied its effects in relation to alexithymic and psychosomatic patients. Thus there is a continuing effort to cut affective links, whether these links are attached to instinctual promptings, emotionally loaded ideas, or relationships with other people.…”

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confidence: 99%

Alexithymia: a Psychoanalytic Viewpoint

McDougall¹

1982

Psychother Psychosom

101

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Alexithymic phenomena may result from a variety of psychological sources. Psychoanalytic observation of psychosomatic patients (and others as well) reveals that the inability to name, recognize, contain or work through one’s affective states is frequently one manifestation of defensive structures of a psychotic kind (more radical than denial which deals with certain neurotic anxieties). Such massive defense has been created as a bulwark against various dangers, such as (1) psychotic anxieties (fear of mental or physical fragmentation; loss of identity-feeling; danger of uncontrollable, explosive action); (2) profound perturbation concerning the narcissistic self-image and its fluctuations, and (3) pathological formation of the ego-ideal structure concerning affective experience. All of these may contribute to the creation of alexithymic defects.

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“…Cependant, il existe dans la littérature scientifique d'autres modèles tout aussi influents mais appartenant à d'autres orientations théoriques. Mentionnons, entre autres, les modèles biologiques et neurophysiologiques (KoIb, 1987(KoIb, ,1988van der KoIk, 1984van der KoIk, ,1985et de la Pena, 1984), les modèles d'orientation psychanalytique (Freud, 1956;Ferenczi, 1982;Horowitz, 1986;Krystal, 1978), psycho-sociale (Green et a., 1985), ou psychoformative (Lifton, 1988). Une analyse critique de la contribution et des limites de l'ensemble de ces modèles pourrait permettre de faire le point sur l'état de nos connaissances quant aux facteurs et mécanismes responsables du développement et du maintien du TSPT.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Modèles comportementaux et cognitifs du trouble de stress post-traumatique

Brillon¹,

Marchand²,

Stephenson³

2007

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La nécessité de développer des traitements efficaces pour les nombreuses victimes de violence et de catastrophes rend incontournable la compréhension des mécanismes de développement, de maintien et de résorption du trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT). L'article présente les modèles cognitifs-comportementaux du TSPT les plus influents et en effectue une brève analyse critique. Les modèles écologiques sélectionnés sont ceux de Mowrer (1960), de Foa et al. (1989), de Jones et Barlow (1990), de Chemtob et al. (1988) et de Janoff-Bulman (1985). Ces modèles sont comparés entre eux et des pistes de réflexion sont formulées.The necessity of developping efficient treatment for the numerous victims of violence and catastrophes render essential the understanding of the mechanisms of development, maintainance and resorption of the Posttraumatice Stress Disorder (PTSD). Consequently, this article presents the most influential behavior and cognitive models followed by a brief critical analysis. The etiological models chosen are those of Mowrer (1960), Foa and al. (1989), Jones and Barlow (1990), Chemtob and al. (1988) and Janoff-Bulman (1985). Finally these models are compared and discussed

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Trauma and Affects

Cited by 292 publications

References 15 publications

Childhood Adversities as Risk Factors for Alexithymia and Other Aspects of Affect Dysregulation in Adulthood

Childhood Adversities as Risk Factors for Alexithymia and Other Aspects of Affect Dysregulation in Adulthood

Alexithymia: a Psychoanalytic Viewpoint

Modèles comportementaux et cognitifs du trouble de stress post-traumatique

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