Trauma Biomechanics

Schmitt, Kai‐Uwe; Niederer, Peter F.; Cronin, Duane S.; Muser, Markus H.; Walz, Felix

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-53920-6

Cited by 26 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…The most well-known, widely accepted anatomical scale is the abbreviated injury scale (AIS), an anatomically based global severity scoring system. It classifies each injury in every body region by assigning a code ranging from AIS0 (non-injured) to AIS6 (currently untreatable/maximum injury) (Schmitt et al, 2014). The loading conditions during impacts on human bodies are related to the levels of the injury scale like the AIS scale through the so-called injury criteria, that can be delineated as a biomechanical index of exposure severity or in other words as the potential for impact induced injury by its magnitude.…”

Section: The Evaluation Of Biological Damages and Injury Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is based on acceleration response only and the current version is represented as follows (NHTSA, 1998(NHTSA, , 1999Schmitt et al, 2014): (1) where: R(t) is the resultant head acceleration measured at the head's centre of mass over the time interval To ≤ t ≤ Te ; t1 and t2 are any two arbitrary time points during the acceleration pulse; To is the starting time of the simulation, Te is the end time of the simulation. R(t) is measured in multiples of the acceleration of gravity (g) and time in seconds.…”

Section: The Evaluation Of Biological Damages and Injury Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Nij has been proposed for evaluation of serious neck injuries in frontal impacts, caused by the load transferred through the occipital condyles (Kleinberger et al, 1998;NHTSA, 1998NHTSA, , 1999. A study that was the underlying notion for the Nij, suggested combining axial forces with moments for a composite neck injury indicator (Prasad and Daniel, 1984;McIntosh et al, 2010b) (NHTSA, 1999;Schmitt et al, 2014). Thorax injuries are the most critical injuries after head injuries.…”

Section: The Evaluation Of Biological Damages and Injury Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different injury criteria (Kroell et al, 1974;Viano and Lau, 1985;Cavanaugh et al, 1993) have been developed in order to relate a definite loading of the thorax to a corresponding injury risk and of these, the so-called 3ms states that in order to not suffer severe damage, the thorax centre of mass must not undergo an acceleration over 60 g for more than 3 ms. This value is used also to assess frontal impact crash worthiness (Schmitt et al, 2014;NHTSA, 1999). The definition of force tolerance values is closely connected to acceleration; a force limit of 17.6 kN equates to the 60 g acceleration level, presuming an effective thorax mass of 30 kg (Cavanaugh, 2002).…”

Section: The Evaluation Of Biological Damages and Injury Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As is well known, dummies have suitable joints calibrated on the basis of knowledge obtained in the field of biomechanics through tests on volunteers and dead bodies (Schmitt et al, 2014). The dummy numerical models are then multibody systems with kinematics joints and restraints, which reproduce the connections present in the instrumented dummies usually used in the crash tests.…”

Section: The Tractor Operator -Dummymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multibody approach applied to the study of driver injuries due to a narrow-track wheeled tractor rollover

Pascuzzi¹

2015

J Agricult Engineer

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This paper proposes the use of the multibody approach to evaluate the severity of the injuries to the driver associated with rollover of an agricultural tractor. A simple rollover accident of a narrow-track wheeled tractor was simulated in the multibody-FEM Madymo environment and the biomechanical damage to the operator with and without 2-point pelvic restraint was analysed. The structure of the tractor was considered to be unbendable, whereas i) infinitely rigid, ii) clay-based and iii) sand-based soils have been studied. The obtained results highlight the important role played by the seat belt in confining the farm operator within the safety volume maintained by the rollover protective structure (ROPS) of the tractor so that the injuries are reduced. The deformation of the soil produces lower acceleration and velocity values than those obtained with a rigid soil. On the other hand, as soil plastic deformations increase, the penetration of ROPS into the soil also increases, thus reducing the safety volume of the tractor and increasing the probability of interactions between the operator and the soil.

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Section: The Evaluation Of Biological Damages and Injury Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Evaluation Of Biological Damages and Injury Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Evaluation Of Biological Damages and Injury Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Evaluation Of Biological Damages and Injury Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Tractor Operator -Dummymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A multibody approach applied to the study of driver injuries due to a narrow-track wheeled tractor rollover

Pascuzzi¹

2015

J Agricult Engineer

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From military to civil loadings: Preliminary numerical‐based thorax injury criteria investigations

Goumtcha

Bodo

Taddei

et al. 2015

Numer Methods Biomed Eng

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Effects of the impact of a mechanical structure on the human body are of great interest in the understanding of body trauma. Experimental tests have led to first conclusions about the dangerousness of an impact observing impact forces or displacement time history with PMHS (Post Mortem human Subjects). They have allowed providing interesting data for the development and the validation of numerical biomechanical models. These models, widely used in the framework of automotive crashworthiness, have led to the development of numerical-based injury criteria and tolerance thresholds. The aim of this process is to improve the safety of mechanical structures in interaction with the body. In a military context, investigations both at experimental and numerical level are less successfully completed. For both military and civil frameworks, the literature list a number of numerical analysis trying to propose injury mechanisms, and tolerance thresholds based on biofidelic Finite Element (FE) models of different part of the human body. However the link between both frameworks is not obvious, since lots of parameters are different: great mass impacts at relatively low velocity for civil impacts (falls, automotive crashworthiness) and low mass at very high velocity for military loadings (ballistic, blast). In this study, different accident cases were investigated, and replicated with a previously developed and validated FE model of the human thorax named Hermaphrodite Universal Biomechanical YX model (HUBYX model). These previous validations included replications of standard experimental tests often used to validate models in the context of automotive industry, experimental ballistic tests in high speed dynamic impact and also numerical replication of blast loading test ensuring its biofidelity. In order to extend the use of this model in other frameworks, some real-world accidents were reconstructed, and consequences of these loadings on the FE model were explored. These various numerical replications of accident coming from different contexts raise the question about the ability of a FE model to correctly predict several kinds of trauma, from blast or ballistic impacts to falls, sports or automotive ones in a context of numerical injury mechanisms and tolerance limits investigations.

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An investigation of dimensional scaling using cervical spine motion segment finite element models

Singh

Cronin

2017

Numer Methods Biomed Eng

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The paucity of experimental data for validating computational models of different statures underscores the need for appropriate scaling methods so that models can be verified and validated using experimental data. Scaling was investigated using 50th percentile male (M50) and 5th percentile female (F05) cervical spine motion segment (C4-C5) finite element models subject to tension, flexion, and extension loading. Two approaches were undertaken: geometric scaling of the models to investigate size effects (volumetric scaling) and scaling of the force-displacement or moment-angle model results (data scaling). Three sets of scale factors were considered: global (body mass), regional (neck dimensions), and local (segment tissue dimensions). Volumetric scaling of the segment models from M50 to F05, and vice versa, produced correlations that were good or excellent in both tension and flexion (0.825-0.991); however, less agreement was found in extension (0.550-0.569). The reduced correlation in extension was attributed to variations in shape between the models leading to nonlinear effects such as different time to contact for the facet joints and posterior processes. Data scaling of the responses between the M50 and F05 models produced similar trends to volumetric scaling, with marginally greater correlations. Overall, the local tissue level and neck region level scale factors produced better correlations than the traditional global scaling. The scaling methods work well for a given subject, but are limited in applicability between subjects with different morphology, where nonlinear effects may dominate the response.

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Trauma Biomechanics

Cited by 26 publications

References 107 publications

A multibody approach applied to the study of driver injuries due to a narrow-track wheeled tractor rollover

A multibody approach applied to the study of driver injuries due to a narrow-track wheeled tractor rollover

From military to civil loadings: Preliminary numerical‐based thorax injury criteria investigations

An investigation of dimensional scaling using cervical spine motion segment finite element models

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