Trauma‐exposed Firefighters: Relationships among Posttraumatic Growth, Posttraumatic Stress, Resource Availability, Coping and Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Experience

Abstract

This project examines protective factors associated with resilience/posttraumatic growth and risk factors associated with posttraumatic stress among firefighters exposed to critical incidents. The participants were 286 (257 men and 29 women) volunteer and paid firefighters in Whatcom County, Washington. Participants completed an anonymous survey asking about demographics, critical incident exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, posttraumatic growth, resource availability, coping, occupational stress and critical incident stress debriefing experience. Most participants had significant critical incident exposure, and about half had attended critical incident stress debriefing sessions. Posttraumatic growth was associated with being female, critical incident exposure, critical incident stress debriefing attendance, posttraumatic stress symptoms (negative association), occupational support, occupation satisfaction, occupational effort, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping and personal characteristic resources. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were positively associated with years of firefighting, burnout, occupational effort and disengagement coping and negatively associated with critical incident stress debriefing attendance, posttraumatic growth, social support, internal locus of control, personal characteristic resources, energy resources and condition resources. The findings support conservation of resources stress theory and show that the maintenance and acquisition of resources can offset losses and facilitate resilience/posttraumatic growth. Implications of the findings for enhancing firefighter resources, facilitating resilience and minimizing occupational stressors are discussed.

Psychological Resilience of Workers in High‐Risk Occupations

“…The first paper (Sattler, Boyd, & Kirsch, this issue) sampled fire fighters in Washington. The findings advocate for the use of the conservation of resources model (Hobfoll, ), suggesting that the attainment and preservation of resources were related to the achievement of resilience and posttraumatic growth.…”

Burnout and Association with Psychosocial Work Environment among Swedish Firefighters

“…The presence of health-protecting factors such as individual and organizational resources can be possible explanations for these results, and individual resources might be explained in part by coping mechanisms (Sattler, Boyd, & Kirsch, 2014). In a study among firefighters in Dublin, male firefighters had developed adaptive coping mechanisms that protected against symptoms of psychological distress (Bevin, 2013).…”

Exploring Psychological Vaccination for Potentially Traumatized Children

“…The group leader follows the Crisis Expression Guidelines to support participating children and adolescents to spontaneously verbalize and express their negative thoughts and emotions after crises experience, and to replace them with positive thoughts. This stepwise semistructured interview is based on several well-known theories, such as catharsis [23], debriefing [13], group therapy [24], cognitive paradigm [25], systemic theory [26], attachment theory [27], salutogenesis [28], and posttraumatic growth [29]. The trained co-leader simultaneously uses the Crisis Screening Instrument to identify children showing any sign or symptom of psychological distress that is qualifying to further individual assessment.…”