Trauma research in the Baltic countries: from political oppression to recovery

Kazlauskas, Evaldas; Želvienė, Paulina

doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.29295

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Threat symptoms specifically predicted current self‐perceived social acknowledgment as a survivor. In Germany and other former communist countries in Eastern Europe, many former political prisoners of the totalitarian regime still feel unacknowledged (Kazlauskas & Zelviene, ). Current results indicate that their ongoing sense of threat may have a substantial social component and not only consists of reactions towards situational or other contextual triggers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Validity of ICD‐11 PTSD as Measured by the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised: A 15‐Year Prospective Study of Political Prisoners

Hyland

Brewin

Maercker

2017

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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The 11 edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11; World Health Organization, 2017) proposes a model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that includes 6 symptoms. This study assessed the ability of a classification-independent measure of posttraumatic stress symptoms, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (Weiss & Marmar, 1996), to capture the ICD-11 model of PTSD. The current study also provided the first assessment of the predictive validity of ICD-11 PTSD. Former East German political prisoners were assessed in 1994 (N = 144) and in 2008-2009 (N = 88) on numerous psychological variables using self-report measures. Of the participants, 48.2% and 36.8% met probable diagnosis for ICD-11 PTSD at the first and second assessments, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factorial validity of the 3-factor ICD-11 model of PTSD, as represented by items selected from the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis demonstrated that, controlling for sex, the symptom clusters of ICD-11 PTSD (reexperiencing, avoidance, and sense of threat) significantly contributed to the explanation of depression (R = .17), quality of life (R = .21), internalized anger (R = .10), externalized anger (R = .12), hatred of perpetrators (R = .15), dysfunctional disclosure (R = .27), and social acknowledgment as a victim (R = .12) across the 15-year study period. Current findings add support for the factorial and predictive validity of ICD-11 PTSD within a unique cohort of political prisoners.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Validity of ICD‐11 PTSD as Measured by the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised: A 15‐Year Prospective Study of Political Prisoners

Hyland

Brewin

Maercker

2017

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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“…General population studies reveal high levels of trauma exposure (Kazlauskas & Zelviene, 2016), although recent analyses of health care data showed that only about 1% of probable PTSD cases are diagnosed (Kazlauskas, Zelviene, & Eimontas, 2017). Problems in diagnosing stress-related disorders could be attributed to lack of health care resources (Kazlauskas & Zelviene, 2016), and to limited knowledge about PTSD among health professionals. However, underdiagnosing of PTSD in Lithuania could also indicate a different symptom profile in the Lithuanian population exemplifying the need for cross-cultural validation of ICD-11 proposals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PTSD and Complex PTSD: ICD-11 updates on concept and measurement in the UK, USA, Germany and Lithuania

Karatzias

Cloitre

Maercker

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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170

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The 11th revision to the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) proposes two distinct sibling conditions: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). In this paper, we aim to provide an update on the latest research regarding the conceptual structure and measurement of PTSD and CPTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) as per ICD-11 proposals in the USA, UK, Germany and Lithuania. Preliminary findings suggest that CPTSD is common in clinical and population samples, although there may be variations across countries in prevalence rates. In clinical samples, preliminary evidence suggests that CPTSD is a more commonly observed condition than PTSD. Preliminary evidence also suggests that the ITQ scores are reliable and valid and can adequately distinguish between PTSD and CPTSD. Further cross-cultural work is proposed to explore differences in PTSD and CPTSD across different countries with regard to prevalence, incidence, and predictors of PTSD and CPTSD.

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“…From 1918 to 1940 Lithuania was an independent country; in 1990 its independence was restored, ending the Soviet regime's almost 50-year-long occupation. Lithuania joined the EU in 2004 (Kazlauskas & Zelviene, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a lack of epidemiological data on the prevalence of PTSD in the Baltic countries (Kazlauskas & Zelviene, 2016); however, a few studies have reported PTSD prevalence in Lithuania ranging from 2% to 6% in several studies (Bunevicius et al, 2014;Domanskaité-Gota, Elklit, & Christiansen, 2009). Furthermore, there is no data on how often PTSD is identified in the health care systems in these countries.…”

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confidence: 99%

“No Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Lithuania”: National Health Care Fails to Identify PTSD

Kazlauskas

Želvienė

Eimontas

2017

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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Lithuanian National Health Insurance (NHI) registry data from 2014 and 2015 were used to estimate the annual rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other stress-related disorders in Lithuania. A large gap was found between 12-month PTSD prevalence based on epidemiological data and annual PTSD rates based on health care service utilization in Lithuania. Estimations from the health care service's utilization data revealed that only about 0.01% to 0.02% of the population in Lithuania is diagnosed with PTSD annually, indicating that the national health care system identifies only about 1% of potential PTSD cases in Lithuania. The low rates of PTSD diagnoses in the health care system seem to indicate a lack of recognition of psychological trauma among general practitioners and mental health professionals in Lithuania. The lack of visibility of PTSD in the national health care system could be a major barrier to the treatment of PTSD in the country. The study indicates the importance of social factors, especially the recognition of trauma and PTSD, among health care professionals.

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Trauma research in the Baltic countries: from political oppression to recovery

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

Predictive Validity of ICD‐11 PTSD as Measured by the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised: A 15‐Year Prospective Study of Political Prisoners

Predictive Validity of ICD‐11 PTSD as Measured by the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised: A 15‐Year Prospective Study of Political Prisoners

PTSD and Complex PTSD: ICD-11 updates on concept and measurement in the UK, USA, Germany and Lithuania

“No Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Lithuania”: National Health Care Fails to Identify PTSD

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