Traumatic Atlanto-occipital Dislocation

Abstract

Study Design. Retrospective case analyses. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and characteristics of associated upper cervical spine injuries in 15 survival cases of traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD). Summary of Background Data. Traumatic AOD is a rare and generally fatal injury. Information regarding associated upper cervical spine injuries that may affect treatment methods, outcomes, and prognosis is limited. Methods. Fifteen patients (11 patients with posterior-type AOD and four patients with vertical-type AOD) who survived traumatic AOD were included in this study. Plain radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and medical records were reviewed. The incidence and characteristics of associated upper and lower cervical spine and thoracolumbar spine injuries and brain injuries were evaluated. Results. Thirteen patients with traumatic AOD (11 patients with posterior-type AOD and two patients with vertical-type AOD) showed associated upper cervical spine injuries; the overall incidence was 87% (100% in posterior-type AOD and 50% in vertical-type AOD). In posterior-type AOD, eight (72.7%) patients had C1 fractures (four patients had three-part fracture, three patients had two-part fracture, and one patient had four-part fracture), four (36.4%) patients had C1 lateral mass fractures, two (18.2%) patients had transverse atlantal ligament injuries. In vertical-type AOD, two (50%) patients had C1-C2 vertical subluxation with C1 anterior arch horizontal and sagittal split fractures. In posterior-type AOD, two (18%) patients had lower cervical spine injuries and one (9%) patient had brain injury. In vertical-type AOD, one (25%) patient had thoracic spine injury, and three (75%) patients had brain injuries additionally. Conclusion. Survival cases with traumatic AOD showed a high incidence of associated upper cervical spine injuries and brain injuries. High index of suspicion and careful radiologic examination are needed to investigate the presence of associated upper cervical spine injuries and brain injuries in traumatic AOD, which affects treatment, outcome, and prognosis. Level of Evidence: 4

Traumatic Posterior Atlanto-occipital Dislocation With Three-part Jefferson Fracture and Subaxial Distractive Extension Injury

“… 4 The injury mechanism of posterior-type AOD is usually axial loading compression, and any associated upper and lower cervical injuries are often caused by the same injury mechanism, such as Jefferson fracture or subaxial compressive flexion injury. 5 …”

Surgical Outcome of Occipitocervical Fixation for Craniocervical Instability

“…16,17,18,19 Atlanto-occipital dislocation is another indication of OCF because it can lead to death without treatment. 1,20 Craniovertebral tuberculosis may lead to Atlanto axial dislocation or bone destruction and granulation, which may require anterior decompression and posterior fusion. 21,22 Occipitocervical xation has been done in all our study populations with or without decompression.…”

Traumatic Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation With Improvement of Neurological Deficit: Case Report

“…1 TAOD is difficult to diagnose, especially in patients with a lowered level of consciousness, highlighting the importance of correct out-of-hospital care with Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), adequate transportation, and accurate diagnosis by the attending medical team in the initial assessment, especially in accidents involving high-energy trauma. 2 Anterior displacement of the skull about the spine occurs when the alar ligaments and the tectorial membrane are severed. Rupture of these ligamentous structures between the occiput and the atlantoaxial complex results in TAOD.…”