Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuropsychiatric Complications

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating injury results in damage to the brain. It is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in young people with a higher prevalence in men. TBI is the leading cause of disability and mortality between the ages 1 and 45. TBI can be caused either by the direct result of trauma or due to a complication of the primary injury. The most common etiological factors for TBI are falls, road traffic accidents, violent physical assaults, and injuries associated with athletic activities. Following TBI, significant neurologic complications may occur which include seizures, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and cranial nerve injuries. In addition, people may suffer from various psychiatric complications such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other cognitive and behavioral sequel that might significantly increase the comorbidity of the victims. Considering all of the above complications, TBI is one of the significant public health burdens. Literature has shown that only about 25% of people achieve long-term functional independence following TBI. In this paper, we focused not only on the epidemiology but also the etiology, complications following TBI and understanding their underlying pathogenesis. Further, we focused on analyzing the options to improve the treatment and rehabilitation following TBI in future.

Orbitocranial Penetrating Injury With Multiple Vessel Invasion in an Infant: A Case Report and Literature Review

“…The most common intracranial complication is intracranial hemorrhage. Other complications include infection, CN injuries, ischemia, pseudoaneurysm formation, arteriovenous fistula, venous sinus occlusion, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage (1,6,26,27) The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage is 31-78% and the prognosis is poor (28,29). In addition, there is a high risk of intracranial infection in PBI patients, possibly due to contamination by FBs.…”

Expression and significance of SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 in the retina of pregnant rats after optic nerve injury

“…Optic nerve injury is a common kind of ocular trauma with moderately poor prognosis. 8,9 At present, there is no effective treatment in clinical trials and the study of optic nerve injury has become one of research hotspots.…”

Brain Injury and Dementia in Pakistan: Current Perspectives

“…TBI occurs frequently in young people and is the most common cause of disability and death between the ages 1 and 45 (11). Annually, 10 million people are affected by TBI (11) and based on American Association of Neurological Surgeons about 1.7 million cases of TBI occur only in the US every year and 5.3 million people live with disabilities caused by TBI in the US, alone (12). The majority of those with TBI will recover in a matter of weeks (13).…”

“…In addition to the damage caused by TBI to the brain immediately or within a few days after the injury, there are chances of developing neurological issues and psychiatric disorders (11). Pituitary dysfunction is also very common among TBI survivors with moderate and severe TBI, which may have neurological consequences and can result in increased morbidity (57).…”