Traumatic brain injury: Does gender influence outcomes?

Abstract

Background:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem. Both genders are affected, but little is known about female TBI. The present study exclusively explores epidemiological, clinical, imaging, and death aspects of female TBI, and how it differs from males.Methods:It is a retrospective study. Data were documented from a tertiary institute during January 2010 to March 2010. All variables were documented on standard proforma. The data were analyzed using R statistics software. Age group was categorized into pediatric (<18 years), middle (19–60 years) and elderly (>61 years). Significance was tested using Chi-square test at the significance level of P < 0.05.Results:Data of 1627 TBI patients were recorded. Of the total, female TBIs contributed nearly 20%. Compared to males, female patients reported higher percentages in manifesting symptoms (84.3% vs. 82.6%), injuries due to fall (32.1% vs. 24.4%), and surgical interventions (11.6% vs. 10.4%). Female patients were significantly higher in mild head injury group (76.8% vs. 69.5%, P - 0.016) and mortality (3.4% vs. 1.6%, P - 0.048). Number of patients and deaths was more among females than males in pediatric and elderly age group. Severities of injuries were more among female patients than male patients in middle and elder age groups.Conclusion:The study results observe that female TBI group differ significantly in the severity of injury and mortality.

Systematic review on the characterization of chronic traumatic encephalopathy by MRI and MRS

“…This reflects partially nonrandomized study populations that were self‐selected and included participants of particular subpopulations. Previous studies have shown that gender influences response of brain and outcome following a TBI . One study showed that female and male TBI groups differed significantly in the severity of injury and in mortality .…”

“…[46][47][48] One study showed that female and male TBI groups differed significantly in the severity of injury and in mortality. 46 Furthermore, it was shown by another study that after concussions, female athletes exhibited lower performance on visual memory composite scores and yielded higher scores on total symptoms compared to male athletes. 48 Of the in vivo studies all but one 20 used an agematched control group.…”

Association between the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians Score and Mortality in Patients with Isolated Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis

“…In addition to being comorbidities, GCS and ISS have been well recognized as independent risk factors for mortality due to TBI [24,25,26,27]; gender and BAC also may have a significant effect on the mortality of patients who sustained TBI [28,29]. In a retrospective study of 1627 TBI patients, female patients had a significantly higher mortality (3.4% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.048) [30]. Patients who consumed alcohol tended to experience lower moderate-to-severe TBI injuries [31].…”

Discourse and cognition in speakers with acquired brain injury (ABI): a systematic review

“…Studies included a range of participant demographics and injury severities, aetiologies, and locations. As males are more likely to sustain brain injuries (Munivenkatappa et al 2016), and the majority of participants in the studies reviewed were drawn from the military population, the gender bias was not unexpected. Readers should therefore interpret this review considering the impact of these factors on impairment profiles and the generalization of the results.…”