Travel behaviour substitution for a white-water canoe race influenced by climate induced stream flow

Substitution interests among active-sport tourists: the case of a cross-country ski event

“…Overall, regardless of specialization and distance traveled, respondents were more interested in spatial substitution than activity substitution items. This extends past research where experienced active tourists reveal more interest in temporal substitution than activity or spatial substitution (Bristow & Jenkins, 2018;Dawson et al, 2011b;Landauer et al, 2009;Rutty et al 2015;Sutton & Oh, 2015) by highlighting a higher interest among all active tourists in spatial over activity substitution in the absence of temporal substitution options. This finding is particularly salient for event and destination managers as events have limited temporal substitution opportunities by nature.…”

“…The more experience in a preferred activity, the less likelihood of activity substitution (Sutton & Oh, 2015) or spatial substitution (Bristow & Jenkins, 2018) but higher likelihood of temporal substitution (Dawson, Havitz & Scott, 2011b;Landauer, Sievanen & Neuvonen, 2009;Rutty, Scott, Johnson, Jover, Pons & Steiger, 2015). A positive correlation exists between site accessibility and proximity via roads and likeliness to substitute (Bristow & Jenkins, 2018;Larson & Crooks, 2018;Termansen, Zanderson & McClean, 2008). User fees also affect spatial substitution: these divert low-income participants to alternate recreation sites that do not have fees (Lamborn, Smith & Burr, 2017).…”

Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, Mount Hood National Forest, and Willamette National Forest

“…Warm-weather activities When changing weather patterns make a type of recreation unavailable in a certain location or during a certain time of year, recreationists can choose to adapt by changing the activity in which they participate, the location where they recreate, or the timing of their recreation; an example of these substitution processes is provided in box 7.4. The substitutability of recreational activities, locations, and timing is not well understood, although some research has been done in this area (e.g., Bristow and Jenkins 2018, Lamborn and Smith 2019, Orr and Schneider 2018. Considering only the annual visitation in a broad area, which has both warmweather and snow-based recreation, can mask variation in the effects of climate on recreation among types of activities and geographic locations.…”

“…These issues are compounded when threatened or endangered fish species are present, potentially reducing rafting seasons for commercial river outfitters because low streamflow puts salmon redds (i.e., egg nests in gravel river bottoms) at risk, in addition to reducing the quality of rafting conditions. In some cases, recreationists Hydrologic study area may be willing to travel farther to find a suitable location when streamflows are low (Bristow and Jenkins 2018). Although the White Salmon River is spring fed and will likely be less affected by reduced snowpack, other popular whitewater rafting rivers such as the Clackamas and Mackenzie Rivers are likely to have lower flows during the rafting season (chapter 3).…”

“…Another source of uncertainty is how people will adapt to changes when making recreation decisions. Substitution behavior between regions and over time is not well understood Loomis 2008, Smith et al 2016), but more research is focusing on this topic (e.g., Bristow and Jenkins 2018, Lamborn and Smith 2019, Orr and Schnieder 2018. Substitution will be an important adaptation mechanism for recreationists.…”