Travelers' Diarrhea in West Africa and Mexico: Fecal Transport Systems and Liquid Bismuth Subsalicylate for Self-Therapy

Steffen, Robert; Mathewson, John J.; Ericsson, Charles D.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Helminger, Andrée; Balm, Timothy K.; Wolff, K.-D.; Witassek, F

doi:10.1093/infdis/157.5.1008

Cited by 52 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…2,29 Manhart found similar inhibition from BSS on ETEC, Salmonella, Shigella and some rare clinical isolates in a dose-dependent manner ranging from 0.35-17.5 mg/ml. 7 The current study generated comparable results for all bismuth treatments at 17.5 mg/ ml.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Antimicrobial activity of bismuth subsalicylate onClostridium difficile,Escherichia coliO157:H7, norovirus, and other common enteric pathogens

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Antimicrobial activity of bismuth subsalicylate onClostridium difficile,Escherichia coliO157:H7, norovirus, and other common enteric pathogens

et al. 2015

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“…as enteric pathogens in humans has increased in recent years, in part because of better methods and isolation techniques. These bacteria are implicated in a wide spectrum of enteric diseases ranging in clinical severity from mild diarrhea to acute gastroenteritis in both pediatric and adult populations (9,14,17,20,30,35). Furthermore, various Aeromonas species can be isolated from individuals with wound infections (17,18), and recovery of these organisms from severe infections, like septicemia, often involves patients with other underlying illnesses (3,18,19).…”

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confidence: 99%

Purification and characterization of inducible beta-lactamases in Aeromonas spp

Iaconis

Sanders

1990

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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13-Lactamases from Aeromonas hydrophila and A. sobria were purified and characterized. Both species produced 1-lactamases that were inducible by either cefoxitin or imipenem. These species were resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin but not imipenem. Isoelectric focusing of sonic extracts revealed one band at pl 8.0 and a second band at pl 7.0 for A. hydrophia. Likewise, A. sobria produced two bands, one at pI 8.4 and the other at pl 7.0. Two enzymes from each species were separated by flatbed electrofocusing gel and purified to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the pI 7.0 enzyme (Al) from both species was estimated to be 42,500, whereas the pI 8.0 (A2h) and 8.4 (A2s) enzymes ofA. hydrophila and A. sobria had molecular weights of 31,500 and 35,000, respectively, on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative Vm,.values for cephalothin, penicillin, and imipenem for these enzymes indicated that Al was primarily a cephalosporinase while A2h and A2s were penicillinases highly active against carbapenems. Al was susceptible to inhibition by cloxacillin, while the A2 enzymes were inhibited by clavulanic acid and EDTA and required zinc for activity. Thus, there appear to be two distinct inducible 1-lactamases in A. hydrophila and A. sobria that play an important role in the 13-lactam resistance of these species.

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“…It was reported ETEC was the most common pathogen in stationed army [32] and so was in our study, which was in accordance with some reports from American army [8] . It suggested that ETEC was one of the focal points in diarrhea prevention in army, no matter Chinese or foreign [8,[33][34][35] , stationed or training in field. We should enhance the basic clinical and preventive researches on diarrhea to guarantee fighting capacity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute diarrhea during army field exercise in southern China

Bai

Dai²,

Li³

et al. 2004

WJG

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AIM: During emergency period, infectious diseases can be a major threat to military forces. During field training in southern China, diarrhea is the main cause of nonbattle injury. To evaluate the causes of and risk factors for diarrhea in emergency period, we collected clinical and epidemiological data from the People's Liberation Army (PLA) during field training in southern China. METHODS:From September 25 to October 2 1997, 2636 military personnel were investigated. Fecal sample cultures for lapactic pathogens were obtained from 103 military personnel with diarrhea. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 103 cases and 206 controls to evaluate the association between illness and potential risk factors. At the same time, another questionnaire of 1:4 case-case control was administered to 22 severe cases (each severe case paired 4 mild cases). RESULTS:The training troop's diarrhea incidence rate was significantly higher than that of garrison. The diarrhea incidence rate of officers was significantly lower than that of soldiers. A lapactic pathogen was identified in 63.1% (65/103) of the troops with diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (35.0%) and plesiomona shigelloides (16.5%) were the most common bacterial pathogens. All bacterial isolates were sensitive to norfloxacin and ceftazidine. However, almost all of them were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, furazolidone, ampicillin and cloromycetin to a different degree. Risk factors associated with diarrhea included drinking raw water, eating outside, contacting diarrhea patients, lacking sanitation, depression, lacking sleep, which were established by multiple-factor logistic regression analysis. In addition, the unit incidence rate was associated with the density of flies and the average daily boiled water available by regression and discriminate analysis. CONCLUSION:A series of risk factors are associated with the incidence rate of diarrhea. Our results may provide a useful basis for prevention and cure of diarrhea in emergency period of PLA.

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Travelers' Diarrhea in West Africa and Mexico: Fecal Transport Systems and Liquid Bismuth Subsalicylate for Self-Therapy

Cited by 52 publications

References 17 publications

Antimicrobial activity of bismuth subsalicylate onClostridium difficile,Escherichia coliO157:H7, norovirus, and other common enteric pathogens

Antimicrobial activity of bismuth subsalicylate onClostridium difficile,Escherichia coliO157:H7, norovirus, and other common enteric pathogens

Purification and characterization of inducible beta-lactamases in Aeromonas spp

Acute diarrhea during army field exercise in southern China

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