Traveling wave electro-optic phase modulators based on intrinsically polar self-assembled chromophoric superlattices

Zhao, Yongsheng; Wu, Aiying; Lü, Hong; Chang, Shengyuan; Lu, Wei-Tao; Ho, Seng-Tiong; Boom, Milko E. van der; Marks, Tobin J.

doi:10.1063/1.1389514

Cited by 34 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…An estimation of the r 33 coefficient corresponding to a d 33 value of 70 pm V ±1 gives r 33 = 38 pm V ±1 at 1064 nm, by considering e = 20, n = 1.5, and k max = 620 nm. [29,30] …”

Section: Poling Experiments and Nlo Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poled Sol–Gel Materials With Heterocycle Push–Pull Chromophores that Confer Enhanced Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearity

Brusatin¹,

Abbotto

Beverina

et al. 2004

Adv Funct Materials

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Hybrid organic-inorganic materials doped with zwitterionic push-pull chromophores with high hyperpolarizability have been synthesized by a sol-gel procedure. A large chromophore concentration was reached by using N-(hydroxyethyl)carbazole as a physical spacer (preventing the dye aggregation). Spain-coated doped films were electrically poled and second harmonic generation measurements performed in situ. During the thermally assisted polling under a N-2 atmosphere,only the carbazole molecules degraded. Second-harmonic generation measurements gave an estimation of the nonlinear-coefficient, r(33), of 38 pm V-1 at 1064 nm

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“…An estimation of the r 33 coefficient corresponding to a d 33 value of 70 pm V ±1 gives r 33 = 38 pm V ±1 at 1064 nm, by considering e = 20, n = 1.5, and k max = 620 nm. [29,30] …”

Section: Poling Experiments and Nlo Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poled Sol–Gel Materials With Heterocycle Push–Pull Chromophores that Confer Enhanced Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearity

Brusatin¹,

Abbotto

Beverina

et al. 2004

Adv Funct Materials

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“…Marks and coworkers. 43,44 Theoretical consideration of intermolecular interactions and exploitation of additional forces (ionic, hydrogen bonding) could conceivably permit significant improvement of this already promising approach.…”

Section: Molecular and Nanoscale Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various implementations of this general structure include (1) chromophores physically incorporated into conventional polymers to form composite materials; (2) chromophores attached by a single bond (as a side chain) to a conventional polymer backbone (main chain); (3) chromophores incorporated into the backbone (main chain) of polymers; (4) chromophores attached by one end to a three-dimensional crosslinked polymer matrix; (5) chromophores attached at both ends to a 3D polymer matrix; (6) chromophores fabricated into ordered acentric lattices by sequential synthesis techniques based on exploiting ionic or covalent bonds; and (7) chromophores incorporated into crosslinked dendrimer structures. [12][13][14][15][16][43][44][45][46][47] Composite materials are the easiest to fabricate in that a chromophore can simply be dissolved in a commercially available polymer host material and poled near the glass transition temperature of the composite material. However, unless the glass transition temperature of the host polymer is above 150°C, poling induced acentric order will be quickly lost by rotational relaxation of the chromophores.…”

Section: Molecular and Nanoscale Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic electro-optics: exploiting the best of electronics and photonics

Dalton¹,

Robinson²,

Nielsen³

et al. 2003

SPIE Proceedings

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Utilizing guidance from quantum and statistical mechanics, the electro-optic coefficients of organic materials have been increased to values greater than 100 pm/V at telecommunication wavelengths (e.g., to 130 pm/V at 1.3 microns). Electro-optic materials now afford significant advantages in terms of bandwidth and electro-optic activity over inorganic materials such as lithium niobate. Moreover, organic materials have also been found to be quite processable permitting the fabrication, by reactive ion etching and photolithographic techniques, of 3-D active waveguide structures and integration with both VLSI semiconductor electronics and silica fiber optics. Stripline, cascaded prism, and microresonator structures have been fabricated, as have low-optical-loss coupling structures. A number of prototype devices demonstrating superior performance have been produced; however, the long-term, in-field performance of such devices still remains to be evaluated. Nevertheless, significant advances have been made in improving the thermal and photochemical stability of organic materials and in defining the mechanisms that define these stabilities (by testing under accelerated conditions). The role of nanoscale architecture in systematically improving stability of organic electro-optic materials, as well as contributing to enhanced electro-optic activity and reduced optical loss, has been clarified.

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“…Additionally, these materials also exhibit a high optical transmission in the visible wavelength range, which facilitates optical measurements. 20,21 Also, from processing perspective, PMMA and PDMS substrates are often preferred materials. It is possible to fabricate two-or three-dimensional (2D or 3D) microfluidic geometries using rather straightforward micromachining processes.…”

Section: Fabrication Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of microfluidic microbioreactor technology for high-throughput submerged microbiological cultivation

2013

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Microbial fermentation process development is pursuing a high production yield. This requires a high throughput screening and optimization of the microbial strains, which is nowadays commonly achieved by applying slow and labor-intensive submerged cultivation in shake flasks or microtiter plates. These methods are also limited towards end-point measurements, low analytical data output, and control over the fermentation process. These drawbacks could be overcome by means of scaled-down microfluidic microbioreactors (μBR) that allow for online control over cultivation data and automation, hence reducing cost and time. This review goes beyond previous work not only by providing a detailed update on the current μBR fabrication techniques but also the operation and control of μBRs is compared to large scale fermentation reactors.

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Traveling wave electro-optic phase modulators based on intrinsically polar self-assembled chromophoric superlattices

Cited by 34 publications

References 20 publications

Poled Sol–Gel Materials With Heterocycle Push–Pull Chromophores that Confer Enhanced Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearity

Poled Sol–Gel Materials With Heterocycle Push–Pull Chromophores that Confer Enhanced Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearity

Organic electro-optics: exploiting the best of electronics and photonics

Review of microfluidic microbioreactor technology for high-throughput submerged microbiological cultivation

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