Treadmill load carriage overestimates energy expenditure of overground load carriage

Vickery-Howe, Danielle; Drain, Jace R.; Clarke, Anthea C.; Dascombe, Ben J.; McWilliam, Joel T.; Middleton, Kane

doi:10.1080/00140139.2020.1839675

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Nonetheless, and remarkably, despite the characteristics related to load size, speed, and expertise that the 8 studies reporting the Free-Ride have in common, the analysis of the 45 studies shows that none of these aspects influence the probability to find Free-Ride or not (p value >.05) (Table 1). Either way, even when our main results do not support a general Free-Ride capacity, many authors (Abe et al, 2008b;Falola et al, 2000;Hudson et al, 2020Hudson et al, , 2021Kramer, 2003;Pal et al, 2014;Soule et al, 1978;Vickery-Howe et al, 2021;Watson et al, 2008) recognize that some of the participants in similar experiments were able to carry loads very economically under certain conditions. Therefore, many researchers highlight the high individual variability, affecting the costs of both loaded and unloaded trials (de Mendonça & Pereira, 2008;Heglund et al, 1995;Hudson et al, 2020;Kramer, 2010;Rue & Kramer, 2017;Vidal-Cordasco et al, 2021), were some individuals decrease their locomotion costs for some burdened trials, whereas other subjects increase their costs of locomotion when the load is increased.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

“…The qualitative synthesis of the 45 studies included in this scoping review shows that a general Free‐Ride capacity can be discarded ( n = 37; 82%) (Figure 2). Thus, most of the articles demonstrate that load carriage significantly increases energy costs above that required for unloaded locomotion (Arellano et al, 2020; Falola et al, 2000; Hudson et al, 2021; Lloyd, Parr, Davies, & Cooke, 2010; Ludlow & Weyand, 2017; Lyons et al, 2005; Prado‐Nóvoa et al, 2020; Rue & Kramer, 2017; Vickery‐Howe et al, 2021; among others).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating the human capacity of carrying loads without costs: A scoping review of the Free‐Ride phenomenon

Prado‐Nóvoa

Rodrı́guez

Zorrilla‐Revilla

et al. 2022

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives: Several researchers have obtained discordant results testing the human capability to transport loads without added locomotion costs. Carrying loads has an extended relevance to human ecology, thus a review of the Free-Ride phenomenon detection according to the existing literature is needed. Method: A search was made in November 2021 in SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify studies comparing the energy expenditure of loaded and unloaded locomotion. Descriptive percentages were calculated with the data obtained from each study, and a Chi-squared (χ 2 ) independency test and a contingency table were applied to observe the relationship between sample characteristics, experimental procedures, and the detection of the Free-Ride. Results: A total of 45 studies met the inclusion criteria. Eighty two percent do not detect the Free-Ride phenomenon. The general detection is independent of sex, experience, load position, load size, and speed (p value >.05) although the papers detecting the Free-Ride have some common characteristics. Conclusion:The literature does not support a Free-Ride capacity, but future research testing this phenomenon should consider the load size, the load position, the level of expertise, or the speed. As the Free-Ride is not generalizable, it can be hypothesized that other mechanisms may have emerged during human evolution to buffer the energetic demands of load carrying.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the human capacity of carrying loads without costs: A scoping review of the Free‐Ride phenomenon

Prado‐Nóvoa

Rodrı́guez

Zorrilla‐Revilla

et al. 2022

American J Hum Biol

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“…All participants provided written informed consent to ethical procedures approved by La Trobe University’s Science, Health and Engineering College Human Ethics Sub-Committee (Ethics protocol#: HEC18146). This same sample participated in related studies published previously [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study was a secondary analysis of data reported previously [ 23 ]. Participants completed ten-minute overground walking trials on a ‘figure 8’ track that allowed a 15 m straight section through the capture volume.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A seven-segment lower limb and pelvis direct kinematic model was used to calculate required joint centres [ 23 ]. Hip joint centres were calculated using the regression equation of Harrington et al [ 29 ], while the knee and ankle joint centres were determined by taking the midpoint between the femoral epicondyles and malleoli, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Differences between Men and Women during Overground Load Carriage at Self-Selected Walking Speeds

Middleton

Vickery-Howe

Dascombe

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Few studies have directly compared physical responses to relative loading strategies between men and women during overground walking. This study aimed to compare gait mechanics of men and women during overground load carriage. A total of 30 participants (15 male, 15 female) completed three 10-min walking trials while carrying external loads of 0%, 20% and 40% of body mass at a self-selected walking speed. Lower-body motion and ground reaction forces were collected using a three-dimensional motion capture system and force plates, respectively. Female participants walked with a higher cadence (p = 0.002) and spent less absolute time in stance (p = 0.010) but had similar self-selected walking speed (p = 0.750), which was likely due to the female participants being shorter than the male participants. Except for ankle plantarflexion moments, there were no sex differences in spatiotemporal, kinematic, or kinetic variables (p > 0.05). Increasing loads resulted in significantly lower self-selected walking speed, greater stance time, and changes in all joint kinematics and kinetics across the gait cycle (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there were few differences between sexes in walking mechanics during overground load carriage. The changes identified in this study may inform training programs to increase load carriage performance.

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Effect of load carriage on joint kinematics, vertical ground reaction force and muscle activity: Treadmill versus overground walking

et al. 2023

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Treadmill load carriage overestimates energy expenditure of overground load carriage

Cited by 8 publications

References 43 publications

Evaluating the human capacity of carrying loads without costs: A scoping review of the Free‐Ride phenomenon

Evaluating the human capacity of carrying loads without costs: A scoping review of the Free‐Ride phenomenon

Mechanical Differences between Men and Women during Overground Load Carriage at Self-Selected Walking Speeds

Effect of load carriage on joint kinematics, vertical ground reaction force and muscle activity: Treadmill versus overground walking

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