Treadmill running and swimming increase cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rats

Min, Sang Il; Kim, Hong; Jang, Mi Hyeon; Shin, Min Chul; Lee, Taeck Hyun; Lim, Baek Vin; Kim, Sang Hoon; Kim, Ee Hwa; Kim, Kyeong Mi; Kim, Sung Soo

doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01031-5

Cited by 69 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This would be comparable to the increase in neurogenesis by forced running in a treadmill (8m/min for 20 minutes) which, when reaching a certain distance and/or speed level, looses its positive effect (22m/min for 20 minutes) [54]. Notably, the performance necessary to increase neurogenesis by forced running appears significantly lower than that necessary by voluntary running (no effect of free access for 1 hour).…”

Section: Running For a Rewardmentioning

confidence: 81%

A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice

Klaus

Hauser

Slomianka

et al. 2009

Behavioural Brain Research

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A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice Klaus, F; Hauser, T; Slomianka, L; Amrein, I; Lipp, H P Klaus, F; Hauser, T; Slomianka, L; Amrein, I; Lipp, H P (2009). A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice. A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice Abstract Exercise is one of the best-known stimulators of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but it is not known if voluntary changes in the intensity of exercise are accompanied by changes in neurogenesis. In this study we investigated whether a reward influences the performance in a running wheel and the rate of cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation and cell death in C57BL/6 mice. Mice had free access to a running wheel during the first week of the experiment. In the second week, animals were rewarded for their performance and compared to normal voluntary running and control mice. A reward significantly increased the performance by 78% when compared to the non-rewarded performance of the first week.The performance of the non-rewarded runners remained relatively constant. Fourteen days of exercise significantly increased cell proliferation by 27% and the number of doublecortin immunoreactive cells by 46%. A reward and the associated increase of performance did not modulate proliferation, cell death or the number of cells entering the neuronal lineage. We suggest that, in C57BL/6 mice, either exercise increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis to a ceiling value, which is reached by a performance at or below the level achieved by voluntary wheel running, or that a possible positive effect of increased running-wheel activity is balanced by stress resulting from rewarded running, which is no longer performed on a strictly voluntary basis. We suggest that, in C57BL/6 mice, either exercise increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis to a ceiling value, which is reached by a performance at or below the level achieved by voluntary wheel running, or that a possible positive effect of increased is balanced by stress resulting from rewarded running, which is no longer performed on a strictly voluntary basis.

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Section: Running For a Rewardmentioning

confidence: 81%

A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice

Klaus

Hauser

Slomianka

et al. 2009

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…However, in those studies, swimming lasted only a few minutes per day; from these data, the conclusion that swimming is less efficient than running is not justified (Ra et al 2002). Voluntary wheel running and forced exercise in treadmill paradigms thus remain the best-studied paradigms of physical exercise in rodents with respect to their effects on adult neurogenesis (Van Praag et al 1999;Trejo et al 2001;Ra et al 2002;Kronenberg et al 2003Kronenberg et al , 2005Kim et al 2004;Naylor et al 2005). The effects of voluntary wheel running on hippocampal neurogenesis were even transmissible from the exercising pregnant mouse to her offspring (BickSander et al 2006).…”

Section: Principles Of Activity-dependent Regulation Of Neurogenesismentioning

confidence: 93%

“…It has sometimes been postulated that the particular type of physical activity might influence the results, because in studies on the effects of water-maze training on neurogenesis, a yoked control that swam for the same time as the groups in the learning test had no signs of increased neurogenesis (Van Praag et al 1999;Ehninger and Kempermann 2006). However, in those studies, swimming lasted only a few minutes per day; from these data, the conclusion that swimming is less efficient than running is not justified (Ra et al 2002). Voluntary wheel running and forced exercise in treadmill paradigms thus remain the best-studied paradigms of physical exercise in rodents with respect to their effects on adult neurogenesis (Van Praag et al 1999;Trejo et al 2001;Ra et al 2002;Kronenberg et al 2003Kronenberg et al , 2005Kim et al 2004;Naylor et al 2005).…”

Section: Principles Of Activity-dependent Regulation Of Neurogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity Dependency and Aging in the Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis

Kempermann

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

100

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Age and activity might be considered the two antagonistic key regulators of adult neurogenesis. Adult neurogenesis decreases with age but remains present, albeit at a very low level, even in the oldest individuals. Activity, be it physical or cognitive, increases adult neurogenesis and thereby seems to counteract age effects. It is, thus, proposed that activity-dependent regulation of adult neurogenesis might contribute to some sort of "neural reserve," the brain's ability to compensate functional loss associated with aging or neurodegeneration. Activity can have nonspecific and specific effects on adult neurogenesis. Mechanistically, nonspecific stimuli that largely affect precursor cell stages might be related by the local microenvironment, whereas more specific, survival-promoting effects take place at later stages of neuronal development and require the synaptic integration of the new cell and its particular synaptic plasticity.

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“…To illustrate, forced exercisers are usually required to cover only short distances. Mice and rats will voluntarily run long distances (see for example Rodnick et al, 1989;Lambert et al, 1996;Allen et al, 2001;Burghardt et al, 2004;Naylor et al, 2005), yet many studies that use forced exercise paradigms run the animals for only a few hundred meters (Carro et al, 2000;Kim et al, 2002;Ra et al, 2002;Burghardt et al, 2004). Such studies typically also restrict forced runners to about an hour on the treadmill, once or perhaps twice a day, 5 days per week, while allowing voluntary runners 24-h access to running wheels.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Forced and voluntary exercise differentially affect brain and behavior

2008

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Abstract-The potential of physical exercise to decrease body weight, alleviate depression, combat aging and enhance cognition has been well-supported by research studies. However, exercise regimens vary widely across experiments, raising the question of whether there is an optimal form, intensity and duration of exertion that would produce maximal benefits. In particular, a comparison of forced and voluntary exercise is needed, since the results of several prior studies suggest that they may differentially affect brain and behavior. In the present study, we employed a novel 8-week exercise paradigm that standardized the distance, pattern, equipment and housing condition of forced and voluntary exercisers. Exercising rats were then compared with sedentary controls on measures previously shown to be influenced by physical activity. Our results indicate that although the distance covered by both exercise groups was the same, voluntary exercisers ran at higher speed and for less total time than forced exercisers. Although evidence of the neural and behavioral benefits of exercise is accumulating, the optimal type, duration and intensity of long-term physical activity have not been established. Laboratory animal models of chronic exercise are highly variable, with many studies utilizing ad libitum access to voluntary exercise wheels, while others employ comparably short bouts of forced exercise on a treadmill. Not surprisingly, studies of the same outcome measure produce different results, depending on whether a voluntary or forced exercise paradigm is used (for a recent review of these disparities, see Ang and Gomez-Pinilla, 2007). In addition, it is becoming increasingly recognized that no single exercise paradigm is likely to fulfill all therapeutic needs (Ang and Gomez-Pinilla, 2007;Cotman et al., 2007). Thus, it is imperative to study the neural and behavioral effects of different forms of chronic exercise while holding their parameters constant.Human studies have attempted to pinpoint the optimal intensity level at which acute exercise maximally benefits cognition (Winter et al., 2007;McMorris et al., 2008, see Brisswalter et al., 2002 for a useful review), event-related brain potentials (ERP's) (Kamijo et al., 2004b(Kamijo et al., , 2007 and arousal level (Kamijo et al., 2004a). The most beneficial intensity, duration and type of long-term physical activity have not been well-studied in laboratory animals, however. The type of exercise may be particularly important, since several lines of evidence suggest that forced exercise and voluntary exercise exert different effects on the brain and behavior. For example, forced and voluntary exercise differentially affect monoamine neurotransmitters (Dishman, 1997), hippocampal parvalbumin expression (Arida et al., 2004), hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and synapsin-1 expression (Ploughman et al., 2005), longevity and body composition (Narath et al., 2001), taste aversion learning (Masaki and Nakajima, 2006) and open-field behavior (Burghardt et al., 2004...

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Treadmill running and swimming increase cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rats

Cited by 69 publications

References 18 publications

A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice

A reward increases running-wheel performance without changing cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation or cell death in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice

Activity Dependency and Aging in the Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis

Forced and voluntary exercise differentially affect brain and behavior

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