Treated and Regulated Effluents of the U.S. Municipal Wastewater to Making Direct Potable Reuse (DPR)

Chitikela, S. Rao; Gullapalli, Venkata; Ritter, William F.

doi:10.1061/9780784482360.023

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Although the percentage of potable water reuse applications worldwide is still limited, there is an increasing trend in this area, which is approaching 15% of the water requirements in Chennai (India) and 25% in Windhoek (Namibia) [158,179,206]. Numerous potable reuse projects are also ongoing in Singapore, Australia, and the US.…”

Section: Trends In Potable and Non-potable Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into Global Water Reuse Opportunities

Tzanakakis,

Capodaglio,

Angelakis

2023

Sustainability

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The growing population, intensified anthropogenic pressures and climate variability have increased the demands on available water resources, and water reuse has become a high priority, particularly in areas of the world suffering from water stress. The main objectives of this review paper are to consider and identify the potential opportunities and challenges in the implementation of water reuse schemes worldwide by considering and analyzing different fields of interest in water reuse, the current and future global drivers of water reuse policies, the existing advances in treatment and reuse technologies promising elimination of environmental footprint and human health risk, an analysis of the trends in potable and non-potable reuse, and the development of quality criteria and issues related to transition circular economy. Moreover, the major knowledge gaps in critical issues on different domains of water reuse schemes are discussed. For this study, a thorough analysis of the current literature was conducted, using research and review articles, technical reports, specific national (and EU) proposals, guidance documents, and legislative initiatives and actions, as well as any validly disseminated findings by scientists around the world in the wider scientific area of (alternative) water resources, water supply, water management, sustainable development, and protection of public health. Water reuse practices are expected to increase in the future, mainly in developed countries and climate-vulnerable areas of the planet. Current advances in wastewater treatment and water reuse technologies can provide the opportunity for the foul exploitation of alternative water resources, increasing the potential of potable and non-potable water reuse systems worldwide, relying on pollutant/contaminant elimination, and improving economic and energy performances. Moreover, paradigmatic and technological switches based on an improved understanding of the relationships between the water cycle and the Water–Energy–Food (WEF) Nexus will increase the perspective of water reuse schemes. The benefits of the recovery of nutrients through sewage wastewater treatment are also highlighted, arising from reduced costs associated with their sheer removal and the supplement of fertilizers to the WEF Nexus. On the other hand, reduced nutrient removal may promote agricultural or landscape reuse practices, contributing to less energy consumption and reducing GHGs emissions. Regarding the management of water use schemes, a holistic approach (integrated management) is proposed, incorporating regulatory actions, actions increasing public awareness, interconnection among actors/stakeholders, and efficient control and monitoring. The establishment of quality criteria is paramount to preventing undesirable impacts on humans and the environment. The study considers the “one water” concept, which means equal water quality criteria independent of the origin of water, and instead differentiates among different types of water reuse as a means to facilitate implementation and management of potable and non-potable water reuse. Finally, it highlights the need to understand the impacts of water reuse systems on ecosystem services (ESs) and the consequences of achieving the global sustainable development goals (SDGs).

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Section: Trends In Potable and Non-potable Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into Global Water Reuse Opportunities

Tzanakakis,

Capodaglio,

Angelakis

2023

Sustainability

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“…In the EU, IPR currently represents roughly 2.3% of reused wastewater, while irrigation, industry, and non-potable applications represent 52, 19.3, and 8.3%, respectively [52]. In India, potable reuse is approaching 15% (Chennai) and 25% of water requirements in Namibia (City of Windhoek) [53][54][55]. Many examples of DPR and IPR projects have been completed or have been initiated in the USA, Australia, Singapore, and other countries with the support of proper public communication and stakeholder involvement [56].…”

Section: Understanding and Quantifying Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Water Reuse: Lessons from Prehistoric Greece for Present and Future Challenges

Angelakιs

Tzanakakis

Capodaglio

et al. 2023

Water

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Wastewater treatment and reuse has passed through different development stages with time. This study reviews the most essential changes in water reclamation and reuses over millennia, focusing on initial approaches in the Hellenic world and discussing the current situation. Based on archeological evidence and time records, the awareness of the Greeks regarding land disposal, irrigation, and water reuse is highlighted. The latter has evolved into a plethora of applications, with Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) representing one of the last modern frontiers. Currently, advances in wastewater treatment and the spreading of wastewater treatment plants producing large amounts of treated effluents increase the potential for water reuse. This is regarded as a critical option for the continuing protection of water resources and human health, while concurrently satisfying water demand, particularly in areas subject to increased water scarcity. The main constraints in the expansion of water reuse practices are discussed, focusing on wastewater treatment efficiency and quality effluent standards issues, as well as on the lack of motivations related to the acceptability of this practice by final users. Against these challenges, the need for a transition from an “issue-by-issue” approach to a broader integrated water management framework is highlighted.

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Energy Resilient Municipal Water and Wastewater Operations—A One Water System Review

Chitikela

2021

World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2021

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Treated and Regulated Effluents of the U.S. Municipal Wastewater to Making Direct Potable Reuse (DPR)

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Insights into Global Water Reuse Opportunities

Insights into Global Water Reuse Opportunities

A Critical Review of Water Reuse: Lessons from Prehistoric Greece for Present and Future Challenges

Energy Resilient Municipal Water and Wastewater Operations—A One Water System Review

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